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Mismatched ids: 0. # text 4 | by <a href="http{+s+}://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> by <a href=" https://www.stallman.org/ ">Richard Stallman</a> 作者為 <a href=" http://www.stallman.org/ ">Richard Stallman</a> 7 | The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <abbr | title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (the Incompatible | Timesharing System) that the lab's staff [-hackers (1)-] | {+hackers <a href="#ft1">[1]</a>+} had designed and written in | assembler language for the Digital <abbr title="Programmed Data | Processor">PDP</abbr>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As a | member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to | improve this system. The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <abbr title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (the Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers <a href=" #ft1 ">[1]</a> had designed and written in assembler language for the Digital <abbr title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</abbr>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system. AI Lab 當時採用一種稱為 <abbr title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (全名為 Incompatible Timesharing System,意思為「不相容分時系統」) 的分時作業系統,它由實驗室的黑客職員 (1) 設計,並且以 Digital <abbr title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</abbr>-10 的組合語言編寫。這種 PDP-10 電腦屬於那個世代的大型電腦之一。身為這個社群的一份子,也就是 AI Lab 的系統黑客職員,我的工作就是改善這套系統。 30 | As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So | even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was | elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so | that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to | it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive | acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced as <a | href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a [-hard g</a>.-] | {+hard g</a>.+} As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced as <a href=" /gnu/pronunciation.html ">one syllable with a hard g</a>. 身為作業系統開發者,我對這項工作有對應的技術能力。所以即便我無法將成功視為理所當然,我仍確知這項工作我適合出任。我選擇讓系統和 Unix 相容以便具有可攜性,如此 Unix 使用者就能輕鬆轉換過來。GNU 的命名遵循黑客傳統:遞迴式頭文字縮寫,代表「GNU's Not Unix」,意思是「GNU 並非 Unix」;它的英語發音為實唸出 g 子音的單音節字,華語（漢語官話）發音類似「革奴」。 32 | Later I heard these words, attributed to [-Hillel (1):-] {+Hillel <a | href="#ft2">[2]</a>:+} Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel <a href=" #ft2 ">[2]</a>: 後來我聽到希列爾長者 (Hillel) 所留下的這席話 (1): 67 | The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we | needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from | being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called | [-“copyleft”.(1)-] {+“copyleft” <a | href="#ft3">[3]</a>.+} The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called “copyleft” <a href=" #ft3 ">[3]</a>. GNU 的目標是要給予使用者自由,不只是廣受歡迎而已。所以我們需要利用散布條款來防止 GNU 軟體被轉為專有軟體。這個方法我們稱為「著作傳（唸作ㄔㄨㄢˊ）」,英文為「Copyleft」。(1) 73 | The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software | is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We have other | kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances. GNU manuals | are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of copyleft, because the | complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for [-manuals.(2)-] | {+manuals <a href="#ft4">[4]</a>.+} The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances. GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for manuals <a href=" #ft4 ">[4]</a>. 我們為大多數 GNU 軟體使用的特定著作傳式授權實作,是 GNU 通用公眾授權 (GNU General Public License),或簡稱 GNU GPL。我們也有用於其他特定情況的不同類型著作傳式授權。GNU 手冊也一樣受到著作傳保護,但用的是更為簡單的著作傳式授權,因為 GNU GPL 很複雜這對於手冊這類著作來說沒有必要。(2) 75 | As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in | the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once | [-again.-] {+again to support the development of the GNU operating | system.+} So in 1985 [-we-] {+I brought in friends who cared about the | goal, and+} created the <a href="http{+s+}://www.fsf.org/">Free Software | Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development. | The [-<abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr>-] {+FSF+} also | took over the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by | adding other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by | selling free {+(freedom-respecting)+} manuals as well. As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again to support the development of the GNU operating system. So in 1985 I brought in friends who cared about the goal, and created the <a href=" https://www.fsf.org/ ">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The FSF also took over the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free (freedom-respecting) manuals as well. 隨著有興趣使用 Emacs 的人逐漸增加,其他人也開始參與 GNU 專案,而我們決定是時候再次尋求資助了。所以在1985年我們成立了<a href=" http://www.fsf.org/ ">自由軟體基金會 (Free Software Foundation,簡稱 FSF)</a>,做自由軟體開發的免稅慈善機構。<abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr> 也接手了 Emacs 磁帶的散布事業;後來更為擴展將其他自由軟體（包括 GNU 和非 GNU）加到磁帶業務中,也一併銷售手冊。 76 | Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free | software and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs | with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to | redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for | which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's choice | of platform). Today the FSF still <a href="http{+s+}://shop.fsf.org/"> | sells manuals and other gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from | members' dues. You can join the FSF at <a | [-href="http://fsf.org/join">fsf.org</a>.-] | {+href="https://my.fsf.org/join">fsf.org</a>.+} Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free software and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's choice of platform). Today the FSF still <a href=" https://shop.fsf.org/ "> sells manuals and other gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You can join the FSF at <a href=" https://my.fsf.org/join ">fsf.org</a>. 當年 FSF 的大多數收入來自自由軟體副本的銷售和相關服務（源始碼 CD、二進位檔 CD、印刷精美的手冊等,全都可以自由地再次散布和修改）,還有豪華散布版（我們為顧客所選擇的平臺組建而成的全軟體集合散布版）。今日 FSF 仍然<a href=" http://shop.fsf.org/ ">銷售手冊和其他物品</a>,但主要資金來源是會員的會費。你可以前往 <a href=" http://fsf.org/join ">fsf.org</a> 加入自由軟體基金會的會員。 77 | Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of | GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. | The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses | to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free | Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most | GNU/Linux systems is [-<abbr title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</abbr>,-] | {+BASH,+} the Bourne Again [-Shell(1),-] {+SHell <a | href="#ft5">[5]</a>,+} which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox. Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is BASH, the Bourne Again SHell <a href=" #ft5 ">[5]</a>, which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox. 自由軟體基金會的僱員撰寫和維護許多 GNU 軟體包。其中最著名的兩個分別是 C 函式庫和外表殼 (shell)。GNU/Linux 系統上運行的每個程式透過 GNU C 函式庫和 Linux 溝通,它是由自由軟體基金會員工之一的 Roland McGrath 所開發。而大多數 GNU/Linux 系統所使用的外表殼是 <abbr title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</abbr>,全名 Bourne Again Shell(1),則是由基金會員工 Brian Fox 所開發。 95 | [-Today (1),-]{+Today <a href="#ft6">[6]</a>,+} hardly any Unix | components are left in the GNU Task List—those jobs had been done, | aside from a few inessential ones. But the list is full of projects that | some might call [-“applications”.-] | {+“applications.”+} Any program that appeals to more than a | narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating | system. Today <a href=" #ft6 ">[6]</a>, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call “applications.” Any program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system. 今日 (1),GNU 工作列表中已經幾乎沒有什麼 Unix 組件——那部份的工作已經完成,只剩下幾個不見得必要的組件。但是這份清單充滿許多有些人稱為「應用程式」的專案。只要能吸引到小族群使用者人數以上的程式都是加入作業系統中的好東西。 98 | The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU | [-Library-] {+Lesser+} General Public [-License(1),-] {+License <a | href="#ft7">[7]</a>,+} which gives permission to link proprietary | software with the library. Why make this exception? The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU Lesser General Public License <a href=" #ft7 ">[7]</a>, which gives permission to link proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception? GNU C 函式庫使用一種特殊的著作傳式授權,稱為 GNU 函式庫通用公眾授權 (1),允許專有軟體和函式庫連結。為什麼要有這條例外條款? 132 | Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient | determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong | feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers | are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even | a little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination | to have freedom is [-widespread.-] {+widespread <a | href="#ft8">[8]</a>.+} Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread <a href=" #ft8 ">[8]</a>. 逆向工程是個大工程;我們有決心堅定的程式設計師來承擔這些事嗎?有的——只要我們能建造出自由軟體是行事準則、非自由的驅動程式無法容許的強烈感受。那麼我們之中會有許多人願意多花一些錢,或甚至多花一點時間,來讓我們可以使用自由的驅動程式嗎?會的,只要保有自由的決心能夠廣泛傳播。 141 | In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license | which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to | be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm | response to the problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new | license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid | using [-Qt.)-] {+Qt <a href="#ft9">[9]</a>.)+} In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt <a href=" #ft9 ">[9]</a>.) 1998年11月時,Qt 的開發者宣布更動授權條款,實現之後應該能讓 Qt 變成自由軟體。雖然我們沒有辦法確定,不過我相信這件事有部份受到社群對 Qt 非自由的問題做出堅強回應的影響。（新授權條款不方便而且不平等,所以能避免使用 Qt 的話還是比較好。） 144 | The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put | algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty | years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, | and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed | <abbr title="Graphics Interchange [-Format">GIF</abbr>s. [As of 2009 | they have expired.]-] {+Format">GIF</abbr> <a | href="#ft10">[10]</a>.+} In 1998, a free program to produce <abbr | title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> compressed audio was removed | from distribution under threat of a patent [-suit. [As of 2017, these | patents have expired. Look how long we had to wait.]-] {+suit <a | href="#ft11">[11]</a>.+} The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper compressed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> <a href=" #ft10 ">[10]</a>. In 1998, a free program to produce <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> compressed audio was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit <a href=" #ft11 ">[11]</a>. 我們所面對的最可怕威脅來自軟體專利。軟體專利能限制自由軟體不能實作某些演算法和功能,時間長達 20 年之久。LZW 壓縮演算法於1983年申請到專利,但我們仍然不能發行可製作適當壓縮的 <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> 圖片檔的自由軟體。[直到2009年所有相關專利才全數過期。] 在1998年時,有個能製作 <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> 壓縮音訊的自由程式因為受到專利訴訟威脅而從散布版中移除。[直到2017年,這些專利才全數過期,看我們到底等了多久。] 171 | [-(1)-]The use of “hacker” to mean “security | breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers | refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean | someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or | the combination of the two. See my article, [-<a | href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">On Hacking</a>.-] | {+“<a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">On | Hacking</a>.”+} The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my article, “<a href=" https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html ">On Hacking</a>.” (1) 部份的大眾媒體常將「黑客 Hacker」和「安全破壞客 Security Breaker」混為一談（譯註:臺灣媒體則將兩者混稱為駭客）。我們黑客不承認那種意思的用法,而且會繼續使用黑客一詞來指那些熱愛寫程式的人、樂於發揮有趣的慧黠想法的人,或是結合兩種特質的人。請讀我這篇《<a href=" http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html ">論黑客</a>》文章。 173 | [-(1)-]In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me | a letter. [-On-] {+<a href="/graphics/copyleft-sticker.html">On+} the | [-envelope-] {+envelope</a>+} he had written several amusing sayings, | including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I | used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept I | was developing at the time. In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me a letter. <a href=" /graphics/copyleft-sticker.html ">On the envelope</a> he had written several amusing sayings, including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept I was developing at the time. (1) 在1984年或1985年的時候,Don Hopkins（一位很有想像力的同袍）曾寄給我一封信。在信封上他寫下好幾句有趣的話,其中一句是:「著作傳——保留所有權利。」（原文為「Copyleft—all rights reversed.」）。我便採用「著作傳」命名我當時發展的散布概念。 178 | [-(-]2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free | BIOS, <a [-href="http://www.libreboot.org/">LibreBoot</a>-] | {+href="https://libreboot.at/">LibreBoot</a>+} (a distribution of | coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that LibreBoot can | support them without nonfree [-“blobs”.)-] | {+“blobs.”+} 2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free BIOS, <a href=" https://libreboot.at/ ">LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs.” （2008年註:這個議題也延伸到 BIOS。有個自由的 BIOS,<a href=" http://www.libreboot.org/ ">LibreBoot</a>（coreboot 的散布版）;問題在於要取得機器的規格,如此 LibreBoot 才得以支援這些設備而不必用到非自由的「Blob」） 185 | Please see the <a | href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations | README</a> for information on coordinating and [-submitting-] | {+contributing+} translations of this article. Please see the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article. 我們努力盡所能提供貼切、品質良善的翻譯。然而,我們無法十全十美,還請將你的意見評述與一般建議寄給 <a href=" mailto:web-translators@gnu.org "><web-translators@gnu.org></a>請參照 <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻譯讀我 README</a> 來瞭解協調和提交我們的網頁翻譯相關事宜。 187 This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" href=" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ ">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>. 本頁面採用<a rel="license" href=" https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.zh_TW ">創用 CC 姓名標示-禁止改作 4.0 國際</a>條款給予授權。 ...; http://www.gnu.org/savannah-checkouts/gnu/gnun/reports/zh-tw/gnu/thegnuproject.html - [detail] - [similar]

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