# LANGUAGE translation of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-23 03:55-0500\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING" #. type: Content of:

#: msgid "Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "President, Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:

msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Digital information and communication technology offers the possibility of a " "new world of freedom. It also offers possibilities of surveillance and " "control which dictatorships of the past could only struggle to establish. " "The battle to decide between these possibilities is being fought now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Activities directed at “including” more people in the use of " "digital technology are predicated on the assumption that such inclusion is " "invariably a good thing. It appears so, when judged solely by immediate " "practical convenience. However, if we judge also in terms of human rights, " "the question of whether digital inclusion is good or bad depends on what " "kind of digital world we are to be included in. If we wish to work towards " "digital inclusion as a goal, it behooves us to make sure it is the good " "kind." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The digital world today faces six major threats to users' freedom: " "surveillance, censorship, proprietary software, restricted formats, software " "as a service, and copyright enforcement. A program to promote " "“digital inclusion” must take account of these threats, so as to " "avoid exposing its intended beneficiaries to them. First we look at the " "nature of these threats; then we propose measures to resist them, " "collectively and individually." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:

msgid "SURVEILLANCE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Digital surveillance systems are spreading. The UK uses computers with " "cameras to track all car travel. China plans to identify and photograph " "everyone that uses an Internet cafe.¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Cell phones are Big Brother's tools. Some can be activated by remote " "command to listen to the user's conversations without giving any sign of " "listening, by the police² and by unauthorized individuals.³ Users are unable to " "stop this because the software in the phone is not free/libre, thus not " "under the users' control." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Cell phones also localize the user, even when set to “idle.” The " "phone network needs to know roughly where the phone is located in order to " "communicate with it, and can easily record that information permanently. " "However, networks are designed to locate phones far more accurately by " "triangulation. They can do it even better with GPS in the phone, with or " "without the user's consent." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "In many countries, universal digital surveillance does not record what you " "say, only who you talk with. But that is enough to be quite dangerous, " "since it allows the police to follow social networks. If a known dissident " "talks with you by phone or email, you are a candidate for labeling as a " "dissident. It is no use ceasing to communicate by phone or email with " "fellow dissidents when a dictator takes power, because his secret police " "will have access to records of your past communications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The European Union mandates keeping records of all phone calls and email for " "periods up to two years. The stated purpose of this surveillance is to " "“prevent terrorism.” Bush's illegal surveillance of phone calls " "also cited this purpose. Non-state-sponsored terrorism is a real danger in " "a few countries, but the magnitude is often exaggerated; more people died in " "the US in September 2001 from car accidents than from terrorism, but we have " "no Global War on Accidents. By contrast, the practice of labeling political " "opposition as “terrorists,” and using supposed " "“anti-terror” laws to infiltrate and sabotage their activities, " "threatens democracy everywhere. For instance, the US Joint Terrorism Task " "Force infiltrated a wide range of political opposition groups.⁴" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "False accusations of “terrorism” are standard practice for " "suppressing political opposition. In the US, protesters who smashed windows " "at the 2008 Republican National Convention were charged with " "“terrorism.”⁵ More recently, Iran described protesters " "demanding a new election as “terrorists.”⁶ The generals who ruled most of South " "America in the 1970s offered precisely that justification for their " "systematic murder of dissidents.⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "A free society does not guarantee anonymity in what you do outside your " "home: it is always possible that someone will notice where you went on the " "street, or that a merchant will remember what you bought. This information " "is dispersed, not assembled for ready use. A detective can track down the " "people who noticed you and ask them for it; each person may or may not say " "what he knows about you. The effort required for this limits how often it " "is done." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "By contrast, systematic digital surveillance collects all the information " "about everyone for convenient use for whatever purpose, whether it be " "marketing, infiltration, or arrest of dissidents. Because this endangers " "the people's control over the state, we must fight against surveillance " "whether or not we oppose current government policies. Given the " "surveillance and tracking which cell phones do, I have concluded it is my " "duty to refuse to have one, despite the convenience it would offer. I have " "few secrets about my own travels, most of which are for publicly announced " "speeches, but we need to fight surveillance even if it is established while " "we have no particular secrets to keep." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The UK car travel surveillance system has already been used against " "political dissidents.⁸" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:

msgid "CENSORSHIP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "When the topic of Internet censorship is mentioned, people are likely to " "think of China, but many supposedly freedom-respecting countries have " "imposed censorship. Denmark's government has blocked access to a secret " "list of web pages. Australia's government wants to do likewise, but has met " "strong resistance, so instead it has forbidden links to a long list of " "URLs. Electronic Frontiers Australia was forced, under threat of fines of " "AUD 11,000 per day, to remove a link to an anti-abortion political web " "site.⁹ Denmark's " "secret list of forbidden URLs was leaked and posted on Wikileaks; that page " "is now on Australia's banned list.¹⁰ Germany is on the verge of launching " "Internet censorship.¹¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Censorship of the contents of web sites is also a threat. India just " "announced a broad plan of censorship that would effectively abolish freedom " "of the press on the Internet.¹²" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Some European countries censor particular political views on the Internet. " "In the United States, people have been imprisoned as " "“terrorists” for running a web site which discussed actions " "taken against experiments on animals.¹³" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Another common excuse for censorship is the claim that “obscene” " "works are dangerous. I agree that some works are obscene; for instance, the " "gruesome violence in the movie Pulp Fiction revolted me, and I will try " "never to see such a thing again. But that does not justify censoring it; no " "matter how obscene a work may be, censorship is more so. A variant of this " "excuse is “protecting children,” which plays to the exaggerated " "and mostly misplaced fears of parents.¹⁴" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Censorship is nothing new. What is new is the ease and effectiveness of " "censorship on electronic communication and publication (even where a few " "wizards have ways to bypass it). China in 1960 achieved effective " "censorship by cutting its population off from the world, but that held back " "the country's development, which was painful for the regime as well as for " "the population. Today China uses digital technology to achieve effective " "political censorship without cutting itself off in other ways.¹⁵" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:

msgid "SOFTWARE YOU CAN'T CONTROL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "In order for computer users to have freedom in their own computing " "activities, they must have control over the software they use. This means " "it must be free software, which I here call " "“free/libre” so as to emphasize that this is a matter of " "freedom, not price." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "A program is free/libre if it gives the user these four essential " "freedoms:¹⁶" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "0. Freedom to run the program as you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "1. Freedom to study the source code, and change it to make the program do " "what you wish." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "2. Freedom to redistribute and/or republish exact copies. (This is the " "freedom to help your neighbor.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "3. Freedom to distribute and/or publish copies of your modified versions. " "(This is the freedom to contribute to your community.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "When software is free/libre, the users control what it does. A non-free or " "proprietary program is under the control of its developer, and " "functions as an instrument to give the developer control over the users. It " "may be convenient, or it may not, but in either case it imposes on its users " "a social system that keeps them divided and helpless. Avoiding this " "injustice and giving users control over their computing requires the four " "freedoms. Freedoms 0 and 1 give you control over your own computing, and " "freedom 3 enables users to work together to jointly control their computing, " "while freedom 2 means users are not kept divided.¹⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Many argue that free/libre software is impossible on theoretical economic " "grounds. Some of them misinterpret free/libre software as “gratis " "software”; others understand the term correctly, but either way they " "claim that businesses will never want to develop such software. Combining " "this with a theoretical premise such as “Useful software can only be " "developed by paying programmers,” they conclude that free software " "could never exist. This argument is typically presented elliptically in the " "form of a question such as, “How can programmers make a living if " "software is free?” Both premises, as well as the conclusion, " "contradict well-known facts; perhaps the elliptical questions are meant to " "obscure the premises so people will not compare them with the facts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "We know that free software can be developed because so much of it exists. " "There are thousands of useful free programs,¹⁸ and millions of users¹⁹ run the GNU/Linux²⁰operating system. " "Thousands of programmers write useful free software as volunteers.²¹ Companies such as " "Red Hat, IBM, Oracle, and Google pay programmers to write free software. I " "do not know even approximately how many paid free software developers there " "are; studying the question would be useful. Alexandre Zapolsky of the free " "software business event Paris Capitale du Libre (http://www.paris-libre.org) said in " "2007 that the free software companies of France had over 10,000 employees." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Most computer users use proprietary software, and are accustomed to letting " "a few companies control their computing. If you are one of them, you may " "have accepted the view that it is normal and proper for those companies, " "rather than you, to have control. You may also believe that " "“reputable” developers will not use their power to mistreat " "you. The fact is that they do." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Microsoft Windows has features to spy on the user,²² Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) " "features designed to stop the user from making full use of his own files,²³ and an all-purpose " "back door with which Microsoft can forcibly change the software in any way " "at any time.²⁴ " "Microsoft can alter any software, not just its own.²⁵ Cell phones tied to particular phone " "networks may give the network a similar back door. MacOS also has DRM " "features designed to restrict the user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The only known defense against malicious features is to insist on software " "that is controlled by the users: free/libre software. It is not a perfect " "guarantee, but the alternative is no defense at all. If code is law, those " "governed by it must have the power to decide what it should say." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "RESTRICTED FORMATS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Restricted file formats impose private control over communication and " "publication. Those who control the formats control, in a general sense, " "society's use of information, since it can't be distributed or read/viewed " "without their permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "For instance, text files are often distributed in the secret Microsoft Word " "format, which other developers have only imperfectly been able to decode and " "implement. This practice is comparable to publishing books in a secret " "alphabet which only officially approved scribes know how to read. Italian " "public television (RAI) distributes video in VC-1 format, whose " "specifications are available only under nondisclosure agreement from the " "Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Ironically, the SMPTE " "states this in a Word file, which is not suitable to cite as a reference.²⁶ This standard has " "been partly decoded through reverse engineering." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Most music distribution on the Internet uses the patented MP3 format, and " "most video uses patented MPEG-4 formats such as DIVX and H.264. VC-1 is " "also patented.²⁷ Any " "software patent directly attacks every user's freedom to use her computer. " "Use of patented data formats is comparable to mandating that people use " "officially approved scribes rather than do their own reading and writing. " "Patents on MPEG formats have been used to attack and threaten developers and " "distributors of programs that can handle these formats, including free/libre " "programs. Some distributors of the GNU/Linux system, for instance Red Hat, " "do not dare to include support for these programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "A restricted format is a trap; any and all use of the format has the effect " "of pushing computer users into the trap. Inclusion in dependence on these " "formats is not a step forward." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Typical proprietary software gives you only a binary, whose actions are " "controlled by the developer, and not by you. A new practice called " "“software as a service,” or “SaaS,” gives you even " "less control. With SaaS you don't even get a copy of the program you can " "run. Instead, you send your data to a server, a program runs there, and the " "server sends you back the result. If users have a binary, they could " "reverse-engineer it and patch it if they are really determined. With SaaS, " "they can't even do that." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Reverse engineering being so difficult, perhaps software as a service is " "little worse than proprietary software. The point, however, is that it is " "no better. For users to have control of their computing, they must avoid " "SaaS just as they must avoid proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "For the preparation of this paper I was invited to use an IEEE site called " "pdf-express.org to convert my PDF " "file into one with the embedded fonts required for the conference " "proceedings. Looking at that site, I concluded that it was an instance of " "software as a service, and therefore I should not use it. Another strike " "against it is that it requires users to identify themselves, which is " "gratuitous surveillance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "It's not that I'm specifically worried that this site is malicious. I " "cannot trust the IEEE implicitly, since I disapprove of its restrictions on " "redistributing the papers it publishes, but there is little scope in that " "particular site's job for intentional mistreatment of its users (aside from " "the gratuitous surveillance). However, the point is not whether this " "particular site abuses its power. The point is that we should not let " "ourselves become accustomed to granting others that sort of power over us. " "The habit of handing over control of our computing to others is a dangerous " "one. The way to resist the practice is to refuse invitations to follow it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The only way to maintain your control over your computing is to do it using " "your own copy of a free/libre program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "COPYRIGHT AND SHARING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The biggest conflict over freedom in the Internet is the War on Sharing: the " "attempt by the publishing industry to prevent Internet users from enjoying " "the capability to copy and share information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an industrial " "regulation on the business of writing and publishing. The aim was to " "encourage the publication of a diversity of written works. The means used " "was to require publishers to get the author's permission to publish recent " "writings. This enabled authors to get income from publishers, which " "facilitated and encouraged writing. The general reading public received the " "benefit of this, while losing little: copyright restricted only publication, " "not the things an ordinary reader could do, so it was easy to enforce and " "met with little opposition. That made copyright arguably a beneficial " "system for the public, and therefore legitimate." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Well and good—back then." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "The War on Sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Nowadays, computers and networks provide superior means for distributing and " "manipulating information, including published software, musical recordings, " "texts, images, and videos. Networks offer the possibility of unlimited " "access to all sorts of data—an information utopia." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The works that people use to do practical jobs, such as software, recipes, " "text fonts, educational works and reference works, must be free/libre so " "that the users can control (individually and collectively) the jobs that " "they do with these works. That argument does not apply to other kinds of " "works, such as those which state what certain people thought, and artistic " "works, so it is not ethically obligatory for them to be free/libre. But " "there is a minimum freedom that the public must have for all published " "works: the freedom to share exact copies noncommercially. Sharing is good; " "sharing creates the bonds of society. When copying and sharing a book was " "so difficult that one would hardly ask such a large favor, the issue of " "freedom to share was moot. Today, the Internet makes sharing easy, and thus " "makes the freedom to share essential." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "One obstacle stands in the way of this utopia: copyright. Readers and " "listeners who make use of their new ability to copy and share published " "information are technically copyright infringers. The same law which " "formerly acted as a beneficial industrial regulation on publishers has now " "become a restriction on the public it was meant to benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "In a democracy, a law that prohibits a popular and useful activity is " "usually soon relaxed. Not so where corporations have more political power " "than the public. The entertainment companies' lobby is determined to " "prevent the public from taking advantage of the power of their computers, " "and has found copyright a suitable tool. Under their influence, rather than " "relaxing copyright rules to permit productive and free use of the Internet, " "governments have made it stricter than ever, forbidding the act of sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The publishers and their friendly governments would like to go to any length " "they can get away with to wage the War on Sharing. In the US, the record " "companies' legal arm (the RIAA) regularly sues teenagers for hundreds of " "thousands of dollars, and one sharer was fined almost two million.²⁸ The French " "government recently passed a law (HADOPI) to abolish the principle of due " "process of law, by punishing Internet users with disconnection on the mere " "accusation of copying. Only certain selected, government-approved " "organizations were empowered to make such accusations; thus, this law meant " "to abolish Liberté, Egalité, and Fraternité with one " "blow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The law was rejected as unconstitutional by the Constitutional Council.²⁹ (It was subsequently " "changed, introducing a sham trial, to make it acceptable.) A similar law in " "New Zealand was withdrawn this year after public protests. The European " "Parliament recently voted against imposing similar injustice on the whole " "European Union, but the EU's weak form of democracy does not give Parliament " "the final decision. Some would like to go even further: a UK member of " "parliament proposed ten years' imprisonment for noncommercial sharing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The US, Canada, the European Union, and various other countries are engaged " "in negotiating the “Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement.” The " "negotiations are secret, but Canada reluctantly published a list of " "suggestions it received from private parties, and HADOPI-style punishment " "without trial was one of them.³⁰ The suggestion is likely to have come " "from the copyright lobby, which has great influence in the US government and " "others, so the danger is not negligible. European officials may seek to use " "this treaty to circumvent the European Parliament, following a practice " "known as “policy laundering.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The corporations that profit most from copyright legally exercise it in the " "name of the authors (most of whom actually gain little). They would have us " "believe that copyright is a natural right of authors, and that we the public " "must suffer it no matter how painful it is. They call sharing " "“piracy,” equating helping your neighbor with attacking a ship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Public anger over these measures is growing, but it is held back by " "propaganda. Terms such as “piracy,”³¹ “protecting authors” and " "“intellectual property,”³² and claims that reading, viewing or " "listening to anything without paying is “theft,” have convinced " "many readers that their rights and interests do not count. This propaganda " "implicitly assumes that publishers deserve the special power which they " "exercise in the name of the authors), and that we are morally obliged to " "suffer whatever measures might be needed to maintain their power." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Digital restrictions management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The publishers aim to do more than punish sharing. They have realized that " "by publishing works in encrypted formats, which can be viewed only with " "software designed to control the users, they could gain unprecedented power " "over all use of these works. They could compel people to pay, and also to " "identify themselves, every time they wish to read a book, listen to a song, " "or watch a video. They could make people's copies disappear on a planned " "schedule. They could even make copies unreadable at will, if they have " "all-purpose back-doors such as found in Windows, or special features for the " "purpose.³³" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Designing products and media to restrict the user is called Digital " "Restrictions Management, or DRM.³⁴ Its purpose is an injustice: to deny " "computer users what would otherwise be their legal rights in using their " "copies of published works. Its method is a second injustice, since it " "imposes the use of proprietary software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The publishers gained US government support for their dream of total power " "with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA). This law gave " "publishers power, in effect, to write their own copyright rules, by " "implementing them in the code of the authorized player software. Even " "reading or listening is illegal when the software is designed to block it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The DMCA has an exception: it does not forbid uses that qualify as " "“fair use.” But it strips this exception of practical effect by " "censoring any software that people could use to do these things. Under the " "DMCA, any program that could be used to break digital handcuffs is banned " "unless it has other comparably important “commercially " "significant” uses. (The denial of validity to any other kind of " "significance, such as social or ethical significance, explicitly endorses " "business' domination of society.) Practically speaking, the limited right " "to disobey your software jailer is meaningless since the means to do so is " "not available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Similar software censorship laws have since been adopted in the European " "Union, Australia, and New Zealand, and other countries. Canada has tried to " "do this for several years, but opposition there has blocked it. The " "publishers' lobbies seek to impose these restrictions on all countries; for " "instance, the US demands them in trade treaties. WIPO (the World " "“Intellectual Property” Organization) helps, by promoting two " "treaties whose sole point is to require laws such as these. Signing these " "treaties does no good for a country's citizens, and there is no good reason " "why any country should sign them. But when countries do sign, politicians " "can cite “compliance with treaty obligations” as an excuse for " "software censorship." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books and other analog " "media. But if e-books replace printed books, those freedoms will not " "transfer. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your " "friend; no more borrowing one from the public library—no more " "“leaks” that might give someone a chance to read without " "paying. No more purchasing a book anonymously with cash—you can only " "buy an e-book with a credit card, thus enabling computerized " "surveillance—and public libraries become retail outlets. That is the " "world the publishers want for us. If you buy the Amazon Kindle (we call it " "the Swindle) or the Sony Reader (we call it the Shreader for what it " "threatens to do to books), you pay to establish that world." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "SUPPORTING THE ARTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The publishers tell us that a War on Sharing is the only way to keep art " "alive. Supporting the arts is a desirable goal, but it could not justify " "these means. Fortunately, it does not require them either. Public sharing " "of copies tends to call attention to obscure or niche works: when Monty " "Python put its video files on the net for download, its sales increased by a " "factor of over 200.³⁵ Meanwhile, digital technology also " "offers new ways to support the arts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Donations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The singer Jane Siberry offers her music for download through her own web " "site, called janesiberry.com in 2010, allowing people " "to pay whatever amount they wish. The average price paid per song was " "earlier reported to be more than the $.99 that the major record companies " "charge.³⁶" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Bestsellers also can still do well without stopping people from sharing. " "Stephen King got hundreds of thousands of dollars selling a serialized " "unencrypted e-book with no technical obstacle to sharing of copies. " "Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay " "what they wished, while it was also shared on the Internet. In 2008, Nine " "Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies and made " "750,000 dollars in a few days.³⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Even hampered by today's inconvenient methods of sending money to artists, " "voluntary contributions from fans can support them. Kevin Kelly, former " "editor of Wired Magazine, estimates the artist need only find approximately " "1,000 true fans in order to earn a living from their support.³⁸" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "But when computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for sending " "someone a small amount of money, without requiring a credit card, voluntary " "support for artists will become far more effective. Every player could have " "a button you can press, “Click here to send the artists one " "dollar.” (The optimal amount may vary between countries; in India, one " "rupee might be a better choice.) Wouldn't you press it, at least once a " "week?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Why, today, would you hesitate to send one dollar to an artist, once a week " "or even once a day? Not because you would miss the dollar, but because of " "the inconvenience of sending it. Remove the inconvenience, and voluntary " "support for artists will soar." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Tax-based support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Another way to support the arts is with tax funds: perhaps with a special " "tax on blank media or Internet connectivity, or with general revenue.³⁹ If this is to " "succeed in supporting artists, the state should distribute the tax money " "directly and entirely to them, and make sure it cannot under any pretext be " "taken from them by publishers such as record companies. Thus, in order to " "design this tax system to achieve the valid goal of “supporting the " "arts,” we must first reject the misguided goal of “compensating " "the rights-holders.”" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The state should not distribute this tax money in linear proportion to " "popularity, because that would give most of it to superstars, leaving little " "to support all the other artists. I therefore recommend using a function " "whose derivative is positive but tends towards zero, such as cube root. " "With cube root, if superstar A has 1000 times the popularity of successful " "artist B, A will get 10 times as much money as B. (A linear system would " "give A 1000 times as much as B.) This way, although each superstar still " "gets a larger share than other artists, the superstars together will get " "only a small fraction of the funds, so that the system can adequately " "support a large number of fairly popular artists. This system would use its " "funds efficiently for the support of art." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "I propose this system for art because art is where the controversy is. " "There is no fundamental reason why a tax-based system should not also be " "used to support functional works that ought to be free/libre, such as " "software and encyclopedias, but there is a practical difficulty in doing so: " "it is common for those works to have thousands of coauthors, and figuring " "out the right way to divide the funds among them might be difficult even " "with the cooperation and generosity of everyone involved. Fortunately it " "appears not to be necessary to solve this problem, because people already " "put so much effort into developing free/libre functional works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Francis Muguet⁴⁰ and " "I have developed a new proposal called the Mécénat Global (or " "Global Patronage) which combines the idea of tax-support and voluntary " "payments.⁴¹ Every " "Internet subscriber would pay a monthly fee to support certain arts that are " "shared on the Internet. Each user could optionally divide up to a certain " "maximum portion of her fee among her choice of works; the funds for each " "work would be divided among the creative contributors to the work (but not " "the publishers). The totals thus assigned to various artists would also " "provide a measure of each artist's popularity. The system would then " "distribute the rest of the money on the basis of that popularity, using a " "cube-root or similar tapering-off function." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "MAKING DIGITAL INCLUSION GOOD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The paper so far describes the factors that can make digital inclusion good " "or bad. These factors are part of human society and subject to our " "influence. Beyond just asking whether and when digital inclusion is a good " "thing, we can consider how to make sure it is good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Defending freedom legally" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Full victory over the threats to digital freedom can only be achieved " "through changes in laws. Systematic collection or retention of information " "on any person using computers and/or networks should require a specific " "court order; travel and communication within any country should normally be " "anonymous. States should reject censorship and adopt constitutional " "protections against it. States should protect their computing sovereignty " "by using only free software, and schools should teach only free software in " "order to carry out their mission to educate good citizens of a strong, free " "and cooperating society." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "To respect computer users' freedom to operate their computers, states should " "not allow patents to apply to software or (more generally) using computers " "in particular ways. States should mandate their own use of freely " "implementable, publicly documented formats for all communication with the " "public, and should lead the private sector also to use only these formats. " "To make copyright acceptable in the network age, noncommercial copying and " "sharing of published works should be legal. Commercial use of DRM should be " "prohibited, and independently developed free software to access DRM formats " "should be lawful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "To make these changes in laws happen, we need to organize. The Electronic " "Frontier Foundation (eff.org) campaigns " "against censorship and surveillance. End Software Patents (endsoftpatents.org) and the League " "for Programming Freedom (progfree.org) " "campaign against software patents. The Free Software Foundation campaigns " "against DRM through the site DefectiveByDesign.org." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Defending freedom personally" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "While we fight these legislative battles, we should also personally reject " "products and services designed to take away our freedom. To resist " "surveillance, we should avoid identifying ourselves to web sites unless it " "is inherently necessary, and we should buy things anonymously—with " "cash, not with bank cards. To maintain control of our computing, we should " "not use proprietary software or software as a service." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Above all, we should never buy or use products that implement DRM handcuffs " "unless we personally have the means to break them. Products with DRM are a " "trap; don't take the bait!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Defending others' freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "We can take direct action to protect others' freedom in the digital world. " "For instance, we can remove the passwords from our wireless " "networks—it is safe, and it weakens government surveillance power. " "(The way to protect the privacy of our own Internet communications, to the " "extent that it is possible, is with end-to-end encryption.) If others use " "enough of the bandwidth to cause actual inconvenience, we need to protect " "ourselves, but we can try gentle methods first (such as talking with the " "neighbors, or setting a password occasionally for a day or two), and keep " "the option of a permanent password as a last resort." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "When we publish, we should grant the users of our work the freedoms they " "deserve, by applying an explicit license appropriate to the type of work. " "For works that state your thoughts or observations, and artistic works, the " "license should permit at least noncommercial redistribution of exact copies; " "any Creative Commons license is suitable. (I insisted on such a license for " "this article.) Works that do functional jobs, such as software, reference " "works and educational works, should carry a free/libre license that grants " "users the four freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Inclusion in freedom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "In our efforts to help others in practical ways, we must avoid doing them " "harm at a deeper level. Until freedom is generally assured in Internet use, " "projects for digital inclusion must take special care that the computing " "they promote is the freedom-respecting kind. This means using free/libre " "software—certainly not Windows or MacOS. This means using free, " "documented formats, without DRM. It also means not exposing the supposed " "beneficiaries to surveillance or censorship through the computing practices " "to which they are being introduced." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Footnotes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… cafe.¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24510571-2703,00.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… police²" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… individuals.³" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See " "http://www.newarkspeaks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5379." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… groups⁴" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.aclu.org/safefree/spyfiles/24011res20060131.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… “terrorism.”⁵" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… “terrorists.”⁶" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… dissidents.⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See the documentary, Condor: the First War on Terror, by Rodrigo " "Vásquez (2003)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… dissidents.⁸" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… site.⁹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine?fp=16&fpid=1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… list.¹⁰" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2009/03/17/1237054787635.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… censorship.¹¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… Internet.¹²" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… animals.¹³" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "I support medical research using animals, as well as abortion rights. Our " "defense of political freedom should not be limited to causes we agree with." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… parents.¹⁴" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/28029.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… ways.¹⁵" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/052909-20-years-after-tiananmen-china.html " "." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… freedoms:¹⁶" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… divided.¹⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html " "and http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html " "for other arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… programs,¹⁸" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://directory.fsf.org." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… users¹⁹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… GNU/Linux²⁰" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… volunteers.²¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html " "for some of their motives." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… user,²²" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/02/28/windows_update_keeps_tabs/." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… files,²³" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://badvista.org." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… time.²⁴" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201806263." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… own.²⁵" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… reference.²⁶" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "The standard in machine-readable form is only available to be " "“leased”; " "http://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/IndividualLicenseAgreementforSMPTE_EngineeringDocuments.pdf." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… patented.²⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See " "http://www.mpegla.com/Lists/MPEG%20LA%20News%20List/Attachments/176/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf " "(archived)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… million.²⁸" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict.ars." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… Council.²⁹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.laquadrature.net/fr/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… them.³⁰" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied.ars." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… “piracy,”³¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… property,”³²" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html " "for why this propaganda term is harmful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… purpose.³³" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… DRM.³⁴" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Those publishers, in an act of doublespeak, call it “Digital Rights " "Management”." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… 200.³⁵" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… charge.³⁶" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.37signals.com/svn/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… days.³⁷" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… support.³⁸" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… revenue.³⁹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html for my " "1992 proposal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… Muguet⁴⁰" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Head of the Knowledge Networks and Information Society lab at the University " "of Geneva." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "… payments.⁴¹" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "See http://stallman.org/mecenat/global-patronage.html." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "This essay was first published in the ITU's 2009 Kaleidoscope " "conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina" msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of:
msgid "GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <gnu@gnu.org>. There are also other ways to contact the FSF." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <webmasters@gnu.org>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Please see the Translations README " "for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative " "Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/ " "or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San " "Francisco, California, 94105, USA." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of:
msgid "GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of:
msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

#: msgid "Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: msgid "Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: msgid "President, Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:

#: msgid "Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "Richard Stallman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
msgid "President, Free Software Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: