msgid "What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, " "Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that " "computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they " "use." msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link> msgid "What's New" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link> msgid "New Free Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h2> msgid "What is free software?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "The Free Software Definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> msgid "" "The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular " "software program qualifies as free software. From time to time we revise " "this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions about subtle issues. " "See the <a href=\"#History\">History section</a> below for a list of changes " "that affect the definition of free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and " "community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, " "study, change and improve the software</b>. With these freedoms, the users " "(both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does " "for them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "When users don't control the program, the program controls the users. The " "developer controls the program, and through it controls the users. This " "nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an instrument of " "unjust power." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To " "understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in " "“free speech,” not as in “free beer”." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential " "freedoms:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your " "computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a " "precondition for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom " "2)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others " "(freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to " "benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for " "this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, you " "should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, " "either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to <a " "href=\"#exportcontrol\">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these things " "means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay for permission " "to do so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them " "privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they " "exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to notify " "anyone in particular, or in any particular way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person or " "organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of " "overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it with " "the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the " "<em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> purpose; " "you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, and if you " "distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it for her purposes, " "but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms " "of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified " "versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary for " "conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no " "way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some " "languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to " "redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the freedom " "to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have access to " "the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is " "a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source " "code” is not real source code and does not count as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the " "original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone " "else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as " "“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its " "practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” — " "freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. " "This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free " "software even if the source code they are compiled from is free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free " "subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you cannot " "merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it " "requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the " "license is too restrictive to qualify as free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free " "software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in " "other words, it does not have to be a <a " "href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> license. However, a license " "that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and " "irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the " "software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add " "restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, " "the software is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free " "software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central " "freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that when " "redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny other people " "the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with the central " "freedoms; rather it protects them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A " "free program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, " "and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software is no " "longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. You may " "have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have obtained " "copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, you always " "have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">sell copies</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. If your " "right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that someone " "else considers an improvement, that program is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if " "they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or " "your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is " "acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the " "modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours. " "As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively " "hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already " "making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few " "more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by which " "the program will be invoked from other programs. That effectively hampers " "you from releasing your changed version so that it can replace the original " "when invoked by those other programs. This sort of requirement is " "acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing facility that allows you to " "specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must " "make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same " "condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you " "have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy " "of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the " "choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require " "release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public " "use are also acceptable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In the GNU project, we use <a href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> " "to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\">noncopylefted " "free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why " "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but " "if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically " "ethical. (See <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free " "Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” " "“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to " "each other.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Sometimes government <a id=\"exportcontrol\">export control regulations</a> " "and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of " "programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to " "eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do is " "refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this way, the " "restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the jurisdictions " "of these governments. Thus, free software licenses must not require " "obedience to any export regulations as a condition of any of the essential " "freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on " "what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a " "copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it is " "unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated " "(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software " "licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger " "range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways " "such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a contract-based " "license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses " "cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think " "about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like " "“give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply " "that the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as " "“piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">Confusing Words and Phrases that " "are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have a list " "of proper <a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\">translations of " "“free software”</a> into various languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software " "definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide " "whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we " "judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their spirit " "as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable " "restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue in these " "criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue that calls for " "extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide " "if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new " "issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why certain " "licenses do or don't qualify." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free " "software license, see our <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">list of " "licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not listed there, " "you can ask us about it by sending us email at <a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@gnu.org\"><licensing@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the Free " "Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The proliferation of " "different free software licenses means increased work for users in " "understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing free " "software license that meets your needs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our help you " "can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid " "various practical problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Beyond Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Software manuals must be free</a>, for " "the same reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in " "effect part of the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use " "— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as " "educational works and reference works. <a " "href=\"http://wikipedia.org\">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software " "has been extended to a definition of <a href=\"http://freedomdefined.org/\"> " "free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Open Source?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean " "something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We " "prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard " "that it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The " "word “open” <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> never refers to " "freedom</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "History" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is the list " "of changes, along with links to show exactly what was changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111\">Version " "1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive " "<em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always " "grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the work by releasing the " "work in another way in parallel." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105\">Version " "1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already " "stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version " "for your computing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92\">Version " "1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90\">Version " "1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of " "your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone " "else's development project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89\">Version " "1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80\">Version " "1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no " "tivoization." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77\">Version " "1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are " "unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74\">Version " "1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in " "some places but not reflected everywhere:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "\"Improvements\" does not mean the license can substantively limit what " "kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes distributing " "modified versions, not just changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "The right to merge in existing modules refers to those that are suitably " "licensed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57\">Version " "1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46\">Version " "1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the " "program for any purpose." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41\">Version " "1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40\">Version " "1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available " "free software to create your modifications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39\">Version " "1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide " "source for versions of the software you put into public use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31\">Version " "1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to " "identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor " "clarifications throughout the text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23\">Version " "1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16\">Version " "1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11\">Version " "1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of " "versions you distribute to the author." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are other " "changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such. These " "changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the complete list of " "changes to the page through the <a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log\">cvsweb " "interface</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 Free Software " "Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""

# LANGUAGE translation of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: free-sw.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-01 12:25-0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING" #. type: Content of: msgid "What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, " "Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta> msgid "" "Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that " "computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they " "use." msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link> msgid "What's New" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link> msgid "New Free Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h2> msgid "What is free software?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "The Free Software Definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> msgid "" "The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular " "software program qualifies as free software. From time to time we revise " "this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions about subtle issues. " "See the <a href=\"#History\">History section</a> below for a list of changes " "that affect the definition of free software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and " "community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, " "study, change and improve the software</b>. With these freedoms, the users " "(both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does " "for them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "When users don't control the program, the program controls the users. The " "developer controls the program, and through it controls the users. This " "nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an instrument of " "unjust power." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To " "understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in " "“free speech,” not as in “free beer”." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential " "freedoms:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your " "computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a " "precondition for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom " "2)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others " "(freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to " "benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for " "this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, you " "should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, " "either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to <a " "href=\"#exportcontrol\">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these things " "means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay for permission " "to do so." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them " "privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they " "exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to notify " "anyone in particular, or in any particular way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person or " "organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of " "overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it with " "the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the " "<em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> purpose; " "you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, and if you " "distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it for her purposes, " "but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms " "of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified " "versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary for " "conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no " "way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some " "languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to " "redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the freedom " "to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have access to " "the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is " "a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source " "code” is not real source code and does not count as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the " "original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone " "else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as " "“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its " "practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” — " "freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. " "This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free " "software even if the source code they are compiled from is free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free " "subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you cannot " "merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it " "requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the " "license is too restrictive to qualify as free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free " "software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in " "other words, it does not have to be a <a " "href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> license. However, a license " "that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and " "irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the " "software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add " "restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, " "the software is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free " "software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central " "freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that when " "redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny other people " "the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with the central " "freedoms; rather it protects them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A " "free program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, " "and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software is no " "longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. You may " "have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have obtained " "copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, you always " "have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to <a " "href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">sell copies</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. If your " "right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that someone " "else considers an improvement, that program is not free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if " "they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or " "your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is " "acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the " "modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours. " "As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively " "hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already " "making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few " "more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by which " "the program will be invoked from other programs. That effectively hampers " "you from releasing your changed version so that it can replace the original " "when invoked by those other programs. This sort of requirement is " "acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing facility that allows you to " "specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must " "make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same " "condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you " "have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy " "of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the " "choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require " "release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public " "use are also acceptable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "In the GNU project, we use <a href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.html\">copyleft</a> " "to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a " "href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware\">noncopylefted " "free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why " "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but " "if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically " "ethical. (See <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categories of Free " "Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” " "“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to " "each other.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Sometimes government <a id=\"exportcontrol\">export control regulations</a> " "and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of " "programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to " "eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do is " "refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this way, the " "restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the jurisdictions " "of these governments. Thus, free software licenses must not require " "obedience to any export regulations as a condition of any of the essential " "freedoms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on " "what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a " "copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it is " "unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated " "(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software " "licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger " "range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways " "such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a contract-based " "license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses " "cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think " "about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like " "“give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply " "that the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as " "“piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See <a " "href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">Confusing Words and Phrases that " "are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have a list " "of proper <a href=\"/philosophy/fs-translations.html\">translations of " "“free software”</a> into various languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software " "definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide " "whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we " "judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their spirit " "as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable " "restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue in these " "criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue that calls for " "extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide " "if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new " "issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why certain " "licenses do or don't qualify." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free " "software license, see our <a href=\"/licenses/license-list.html\">list of " "licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not listed there, " "you can ask us about it by sending us email at <a " "href=\"mailto:licensing@gnu.org\"><licensing@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the Free " "Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The proliferation of " "different free software licenses means increased work for users in " "understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing free " "software license that meets your needs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our help you " "can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid " "various practical problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Beyond Software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Software manuals must be free</a>, for " "the same reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in " "effect part of the software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use " "— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as " "educational works and reference works. <a " "href=\"http://wikipedia.org\">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software " "has been extended to a definition of <a href=\"http://freedomdefined.org/\"> " "free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Open Source?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean " "something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We " "prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard " "that it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The " "word “open” <a " "href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\"> never refers to " "freedom</a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "History" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is the list " "of changes, along with links to show exactly what was changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111\">Version " "1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive " "<em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always " "grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the work by releasing the " "work in another way in parallel." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105\">Version " "1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already " "stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version " "for your computing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92\">Version " "1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90\">Version " "1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of " "your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone " "else's development project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89\">Version " "1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free " "software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80\">Version " "1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no " "tivoization." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77\">Version " "1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are " "unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74\">Version " "1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in " "some places but not reflected everywhere:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "\"Improvements\" does not mean the license can substantively limit what " "kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes distributing " "modified versions, not just changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "" "The right to merge in existing modules refers to those that are suitably " "licensed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li> msgid "Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57\">Version " "1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46\">Version " "1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the " "program for any purpose." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41\">Version " "1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40\">Version " "1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available " "free software to create your modifications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39\">Version " "1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide " "source for versions of the software you put into public use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31\">Version " "1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to " "identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor " "clarifications throughout the text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23\">Version " "1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16\">Version " "1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11\">Version " "1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of " "versions you distribute to the author." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are other " "changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such. These " "changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the complete list of " "changes to the page through the <a " "href=\"http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log\">cvsweb " "interface</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a " "href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a " "href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a " "href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a " "href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> " "for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 Free Software " "Foundation, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" " "href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons " "Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>." msgstr "" #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr ""