A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun from the Land of the Sleeping Crocodile East Timor First published in 1992 Mr Cliff Morris Baba Dook Books

3 Hoadley Av Frankston Australia 3199

ISBN 959 1922 2 0 Printed by Photo Offset Productions, Fitzroy 3065 001 November 2003 LL First Internet version distributed in November 2003. 002 November 28 2003 PG Conversion to DocBook XML V4.2 003 December 2003 PG LL merge typographic transcription errors Preface to the Original Transcription All text following this introduction is a near-exact transcription of Cliff Morris' 1992 Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun. There have been some very minor editing changes to some obvious errors which is inevitable when an individual is author, editor and responsible for publication. For example, in the original page 67 of the booklet, the word 'window' is denoted as being from Portuguese origin, when it is clear that what was meant was the word 'DINELA'. Less obviously to those unfamiliar with Tetun was the accidental dropping of the final 'k' in 'HAKARAK' on the first phrase on page 73. As Mr. Morris will state, this is a book primarily deals with what he calls the Tetun-Los dialect, which he differentiates from Tetun-Prasa, Tetun-Terik and Tetun-Belu. Contemporary linguists knowledgeable in the field of the languages of Timor are mainly of the opinion that Tetun-Terik and Tetun-Los are actually one and the same, whereas Tetun-Belu refers to the western dialect, split by the former Portuguese - Dutch (and now Timor Leste - Indonesia) border. As would be expected the Tetun-Belu dialect includes a larger number of Bahasa Indonesian loanwords, whereas Tetun-Prasa has a large number of words with Portuguese origin. Whilst visitors to East Timor with a European heritage will find the Tetun-Prasa version easier, especially if they have familiarity with any of the Romance languages, use of the alternative Tetun-Terik words is met with pleased recognition. Language is the foundation of cultural identity, the mutual recognition of symbolic values and, often overlooked, the metaphorical connections between different symbolic values creating a narrative of meaning. It is not too much to suggest that when a language dies, a culture dies and often all that remains is a lingering memory often encapsulated in a handful of words and phrases and some behavioural mores. In this perspective, the newly re-established Democratic Republic of Timor Leste has seen fit to establish Tetun as a national language, although standardised spelling and grammar are still a matter of some debate. A visitor to East Timor will notice significant variation, of which what is provided in Mr. Morris' book is but one example. It is very unfortunate that Cliff Morris', who died on October 5, 1998, never saw the re-establishment of an independent East Timor. Mr. Morris' interest in East Timor dates back to the second world war in 1942 when Australia placed commandos there (under protest from neutral Portugal) to establish links with potential local resistance and to distract Imperial Japan's moves towards Australia. In a sense the plan worked as the Japanese soon followed the Australian invasion, resulting in a massive loss of life to the Timorese as fighting broke out. Mr. Morris was part of the 2nd/4th Independent Company of Commandoes from September 1942 to January 1943. Following the Indonesian invasion in 1975, Mr. Morris recalled his debt and agitated for basic medical supplies and self-determination for the Timorese people for the rest of his life. In addition to this phrase book, he also published a more complete dictionary and a book of Timorese mythic tales in Tetun and English. This transcription has been undertaken for free distribution under the GNU Public License over computer mediated communications. As the world's newest nation is re-established it also comes at a time when the world is adopting a new means of communication, a technology which may prove to be as powerful as the invention of movable type print. It is important under such circumstances that others in the world are provided the opportunity to learn about the East Timorese cultures and to learn the language of this extraordinarily stoic, resilient and caring people. This work was conducted in September and October of 2003, the last weeks of working with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Democratic Republic of East Timor, and the first weeks of my return to Australia. The text-editing packages GEdit and KWrite were used under the Red Hat and Mandrake distributions of the Linux operating system. At the time of publication it is the largest online Tetun dictionary. I give my most sincere thanks to Celastina and Nona of Kuintaal Kiik, Santa Cruz for helping me understand the Tetun language with patience and humour and to Erica Hoehn for proofreading and other assistance in transcription. Thanks is also given to Liza Dezfouli for giving me a copy of the dictionary in the first instance. In addition to the transcription, I also provided the xhtml coding. Lev Lafayette Melbourne, Australia, October 2003 The second revision of this important and useful book by Cliff Morris was undertaken with the primary objective of marking up the content into a portable, content based XML format (DocBook XML Version 4.2). Secondary objectives were to pickup obvious spelling and layout problems. Changes made to the structure of the document were limited to identifying structural levels such as chapters and examples. Titles were added to major document sections. Primary Tools used were Xemacs and Dillo (as a quick browser/html check). The xmlto toolkit chain was utilised to produce other formats. The operating system was Debian GNU/ Linux(testing distribution). The third revision is a simply corrects typographic errors and some minor content corrections Planned future extensions to this document include adding a glossary and index. Peter Gossner

Woodside South Australia Australia

gossner@arcom.com.au November 28 2003 December 10 2003 Cliff Morris went to East Timor as a twenty year old soldier during 1942 where he learned about the complexities of the Animist religion and to admire the Timorese people for their common human concern for all people. On visiting the island in 1973 accompanied by his son Peter, he learned how the friendship so freely given in 1942 had cost the people very dearly in the revenge carried out by the Japanese, after the departure of the Australian troops. He resolved to commit his life to do something of everlasting good for the people. For ten years he struggled to completing a 10,000 word Tetun-English dictionary from his own fading memory, then with the help of Paulo Quintao da Costa who authenticated the word list, it was finally published by the Australian National University in 1984 as a memorial to all those who lost their lives in Timor in the war against the Japanese. In 1983 he travelled Australia looking for people who were well versed in the story telling of the Animist religion and from this work produced a small book containing some of the village stories and poems to save them from being lost as they are probably no longer told in their country of origin. Tetun is spoken over the whole of Timor in varying degrees of expertise and a number of regional dialects, but this dictionary is based on TETUN-LOS, because this is the dialect I learnt as a soldier in East Timor during the Second World War. This dictionary has been produced to assist travellers to East Timor, as a means of better communication with the local population. While Indonesian is the language now officially spoken and taught within the areas, Tetun has remained as the language for communication among the local populace. All grammar and syntax refers only to Tetun-Los which is spoken along the south coast between Betano in the west, Luka in the east, and Soibada in the north. The word list contains approximately 1100 words as the least number necessary for conversation. I hope those visiting East Timor will find the contents useful in helping to make their visit more enjoyable among a people to whom I owe an un[re]payable debt for their completely unselfish devotion to my welfare in a most difficult time during the operations against the Japanese that eventually cost so many Timorese their lives after my return to Australia in 1943. Anyone wishing to obtain a more extensive word list can purchase a copy of my Tetun-English dictionary from Pacific Linguistics at the Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra 2601, Australia. (Catalogue, Series C, No 83.) Examples of written Tetun can obtained from the author in the stories - "Land of the Sleeping Crocodile" at 3 Hoadley Av, Frankston, Vic 3199. Students of Timorese languages will soon learn that Timor is a land of many different languages and dialects with relatively few speakers of each. Consequently, the total area in which each language or dialect is spoken is very restricted, except Tetun-Dili, which has speakers over all of Timor. This dialect of Tetun is a simplified version introduced by the Portuguese to give a common commercial tongue among all the people. Therefore there is a wide variety of expertise among these speakers, who will invariable have another language as their mother tongue or first language. The number of distinct languages within East Timor will vary according to the way a language is designated. Listed are the main languages and dialects, with the town merely being the nearest to the area in which the language is spoken(A. Cappell, 1934) Language Town Language Town Bunak Bobonaro Dagada Lautem Galole Manututu Galole Laclo Galole Laleia Idate Laklubar Kemak Bobonaro Makasae Laga Makasae Ossu Mambae Aileu Mambae Ainaro Midiki Baguia Na'uete Uato Karabau Nogo-Nogo Kailaku Nogo-Nogo Atabae Tukudede Likisa Tukudede Maubara Uaimo'a Baukau Tetun all dialects Alas Bariki Bubu Susu Dili Dotik Fatu Berliu Fatu Lulik Fatu Mea Foho Ren Kamnasa Luka Remexio Samoro Suai Tilomar Ue Keke Atambua While Tetun is understood in all areas of Timor, there is a wide variation in the pronunciation and vocabulary, as the above languages have influenced Tetun in the areas of use. Similarly many words have been adopted from other languages. Even in areas where Tetun is regarded as the mother tongue there are a number of distinct dialects to add to the student's confusion. Over many millennia the Timorese have developed a strong skill in the art of story telling, which is demonstrated in poetry by the Na'i Lia's eloquent and expansive oratory. Tetun/Tetum This dictionary has endeavoured to follow the general usage wherever possible therefore TETUN rather than TETUM is regarded as being the correct name for the language because the Portuguese spell many words with 'M" where the phonetic sound is 'N', and this is what they have done with the word TETUM. Some people have erroneously adopted the 'M' spelling as the phonetic sound. The wise old men (KATUAS) tell us that the people who lived on the plains (TETU, adjective), therefore the people who spoke the language were of the plains (TETUN, noun). There can be no argument as to the name of the language or its spelling as adjectives are changed to nouns by adding N. In any case no other Tetun word ends in M. The biggest concentration of natural Tetun speakers occurs in the central south coast of East Timor, from Luka in the east to Alas in the west. While there are small regional differences within this area they are not sufficient to consider any of them a separate dialect. The dialect of this area has been called TETUN-LOS, and has been regarded as standard Tetun in this dictionary. Broadly, Tetun can be divided into four main dialects: TETUN-LOS centered around the town of Soidada and the Kingdom of Samoro and along the coast between Alas and Luka. No attempt has been made to include the more complex ritual language of poetry, which is used throughout all areas which Tetun is spoken. TETUN-TERIK, spoken in the north-west of East Timor and the north-east of West Timor. This dialect is closely related to Tetun-Belu. TETUN-BELU, spoken in the south-west of East Timor and the south-east of West Timor. Both this dialect and Tetun-Terok are often regarded as distinct languages from Tetun-Los because of different definitions for individual words, but the grammar and syntax are still synonymous. TETUN-DILI (also known as TETUN-PRASA), the dialect taught to the Portuguese and other people needing a common language for commerce. This language is simpler in grammar than the other dialects and was regarded as the lingua franca in Portuguese times, but is now being challenged by Bahasa. The island of Timor is very mountainous in relation to its size. The majestic mountains seem to rise without pattern that would be expected for ranges in other places. The river valleys cut into the mountains in most unlikely angles. They are always steep with fast running streams, especially when it rains. The total area of Timor is nearly 3,000 kilometres. It is one of the most easterly island in the Lesser Sunda archipelago, most of which belongs to Indonesia. East Timor has an area of about 19,000 square kilometres. For almost 450 years the area has been known as Portuguese Timor, but in 1976 was annexed by Indonesia as Timor Timur (East Timor), it's 27th province. In 1974, the last official Portuguese census, the population was 680,000. In 1980 the population was 555,350 according to the census conducted by the Indonesian authorities. In Dili, the capital, it is always hot and there are only two seasons wet and dry. The morals and social behaviour are not governed by our European standards, but it would be a mistake to regard the culture is in any way primitive. There is no doubt that much of its past culture has deprecated because of events that have occurred since 1975, nevertheless there will be enough of the old culture left to open the eyes of all who see it. It is important to look below the surface and the gain the most from your visit to the island. The KUTUAS (wise old men) say, "Only those with their eyes open can see." Much of my own Timorese cultural knowledge may be historic, and not applicable to present day East Timor, though the fundamental beliefs of the Animists in Mother Earth must still exist in the minds of everyone in what is a very complicated culture. It is always hard to discover the deep intrinsic beliefs and mores of any society. I hope when you leave East Timor you will come away with some of the understanding and admiration I have for these very caring and brave people. Timorese are of three different racial groups. But because of a long history of intertribal marriage there are no distinct physical features among people except in language. There are 16 languages and between 34 and 36 dialects. The people living along the south coast are Polynesian in language and custom, while those living on the north coast are Melanesian. In the mountains there are people who can be described by their language as Aboriginals. Timor has had sophisticated contact with the world for many centuries. The Belu (Tetun) empire extended its power over much of the island but after the Europeans arrived much of the old empire contracted to its present area of indigenous Tetun speakers. The Chinese were regular visitors long before the Portuguese arrived in Timor. The indigenous lunar calendar is similar to the Chinese, the Timor pony has Asian origins and existed in Timor before the Portuguese. The musical instruments are Asian in design and sound. It has been recorded in Chinese history that the Liurai at Besa Kama (the old Belu capital) paid a yearly tribute to China before the Portuguese Dominicans were on the scene in 1566. The attraction to Timor was because of its sandalwood, supposedly the best in the world. It was the sale of sandalwood that gave the Liurais their power and was the cause of their long past internecine wars. The Liurais wanted land - land that grew sandalwood, and with the land came people to harvest it. Sandalwood gave them the power to expand their empires. This greed of the Liurais caused their subjects to be involved in the danger of war. In the 16th and 17th centuries the Timorese had a reputation for being very warlike. The people of East Timor have a long long history of rebellion against their Portuguese colonial masters. Timorese are by nature most polite with a great deal of outward humility and seem willing to agree to anything rather than upset strangers in their land. Thus it is easy to receive a wrong answer to questions, especially leading questions, merely because most people will only be trying to show good manners. Timorese respect others for their social position and education, as well as wealth, but they do not discriminate on the ground of race. This simple fact will put most Australians on an equal footing in their initial contact. Timorese relatives cover a much wider circle than in Australia. Close kinship is regarded to exist among the uncles, aunts, and cousins of their in-laws' in-laws and a strong loyalty is given to all relatives. In past times the whole society revolved around incurring debts to ones relatives to build a bank of indebtedness for future help in all of the various tasks of living that could be accomplished more efficiently with a number of people, such as growing food, harvesting, house building, feasts, and the Animist religious ceremonies of death, birth and marriage. Timorese culture was oral, therefore it is only natural that the people had developed strong skills in story telling and in poetry which could be told by anyone. But the ultimate in the art were the LIA NA'IN (also NA'I LIA, literally meaning lord of words), who could without hesitation relate verse on any subject at great length straight out of their heads. There were a number of traditional patterns, but the most common was DADOLIN, where each verse was in two lines and each line was in two phrases. The first phrase of the second line repeated the meaning of the last phrase of the first verse but with different words. It was not uncommon for a skilled Lia Na'in to recite for hours, all of it verse that had never been heard until then. The actual words of the poetry rarely spoke on any subject with direct meanings. The true meanings were intended for people versed in the culture; e.g. reference to a blossom not yet in full bloom = a virgin; nectar tasted by many = a girl of easy virtue; fruit eaten before it was ripe = drought; things that move in the night = spirits; dreaming of riches = greed; to cry alone = loneliness, or deserted, and so on it went. The real art was to repeat the important points as often as necessary to drive into the mind the message that the poet thought was needed. It is also important to keep in mind the Timorese philosophy that everything has a balancing opposite, such as hot and cold, wet and dry, good and bad, up and down, sky and earth, etc. which were also included in the poetry to complicate the telling. In every village, the Katuas would tell stories to the children to instruct them in the lore and the code of behaviour of the clan so that on adulthood each person would know how to behave socially and know and accept their position in life. The society was very class conscious. Before the Portuguese the lowest class was LUTUN (the cattle keepers) then ATAN (slaves), EMA RAI (common people), DATO (nobility and royalty). Interspersed were MATAN DOOK (doctor), BUAN (sorcerer) MALULIK (keeper of sacred relics) and LIURAI (king). These were inherited upper class positions. From the Dato came ASU'UAIN (warriors). Marriage offered the only means of rising above the class into which one had been born. A most important facet of Timorese life for Christians and non-Christians alike, was living with the KLAMAR (the souls of the dead) who had not gone to heaven or were unable to leave this earth for any reason. It was a Timorese belief that a wandering soul was always on the lookout to invade (or return to) the body of living persons where it would cause untold havoc and eventual death unless the klamar was persuaded to leave its new home. These spirits would enter the body through a number of body orifices. Their favourite entry sites were the nose or eyes, never through the mouth or genital orifices. Not all spirits were evil. Some in fact were guardians to keep the evil ones away and in times of danger would appear to warn their ward so that a degree of stability continued to exist. Living in the Animist world was a continual struggle to keep life flowing with as much stability as possible. The MATAN DOOK (doctor) could invoke all sorts of potions (herbal medicine) and fetishes to nullify a HOROK (spell) from a klamar or one placed by the BUAN (sorcerer), who had very wide powers to create havoc among everyone. His power was much stronger than the Matan Dook. The position of Matan Dook was handed on from father to son after many years of training. It was usually inherited among the Dato therefore it was a social status within the clan. The position of Buan could be inherited by any likely candidate with the proper aptitude after a long period of training and be either male or female, but usually male. A Buan had a religious standing in the community, which would give him a fearful respect. Even an important Liurai would treat a Buan with humble respect and fear. Within the orbit of the Animist religion all living things have souls, both plant and animal. Evil spirits came from creatures, especially those who spent the first half of their lives in water, and also came from the souls of people who lived a bad life. Another being with supernatural power was the witch, in some areas known as KUKULASAK. In natural form she was an old woman, but had the power to transform herself into any other living thing. She could appear as a beautiful young woman to entice innocent people into sorts of danger with her beguiling ways. Every village had stories about witches appearing before some relative and by all sorts of trickery taking them away, never to be seen again. Some parents even told their children that witches like to eat people, especially plump, naughty children. In the Animist religion it is believed that we are on this earth for a short period and after death on this earth we would return to the womb of the earth through the many vaginas that exist in the FATU KUAK (caves) in Timor. Therefore we must live a good life to return to our origins at the completion of the ephemeral stay on earth. All tribal debts have been repaid by our surviving relatives in order to free the soul and enable a feast to be held to celebrate the spirit's passage to heaven. Every community has a legend about the first men appearing out of the earth to form their clan. In previous times Timor was a cashless society and the wealth of an individual was assessed by the amount of livestock that they owned, such as horses, buffaloes, goats, pigs as well as gold and silver. These animals were not used in everyday life as food. There was a much more important use for them; in life they showed how successful a person had been and in death many of these animals were slaughtered for the feast which sent the soul to heaven. Animals were NEVER sacrificed as a tribute to any religious ceremony, but as food for the invited guests. Feasts were held to celebrate births where the correct proportion of direct and in-law relatives were invited. As marriages were often arranged as political alliances rather than for any other reason, the guests at a birth feast could easily be from another kingdom far away. These feasts or gatherings served to reinforce obligations that each alliance placed on each clan and helped keep peace within the whole community. At planting time special ceremonies were conducted to placate the Klamar and ensured that the guardian Klamar knew the seeds were being planted in the womb of Mother Earth. The guardian Klamar could then ensure the seeds were fruitful. If the planting was carried out at the first rain but no following rain occurred then it was said that an evil spirit had killed the soul of the plant and not that the farmer had made a mistake by planting too early. At harvest time it was always a race to reap the crops before the rats consumes the year's crop. Rats, of course, were the work of an evil spirit. The same was said if the plants became diseased, or failed for any other reason, like too much rain. The UMA (house) in Timor was much more than a place for the family to live. In the Animist religion there was no church, and the family home served this purpose much better. The traditional house had two poles as its base foundation. These two poles represented the male and female (all things in Timor came in pairs), and divided the house into two areas, where the woman of the house ruled supreme. Because the house had this religious significance. The woman of the house acted as the religious head of the family. On the female pole hung the woven bags containing the dried placentas of the occupants of the house. These articles should follow each person throughout their life, otherwise they had no protection against any Klamar. Also each person would not be able to return to Mother Earth as whole person on their death. Disasters were accepted with stoic fatalism as the work of an evil spirit. Even accidents were ascribed to fetishes or invasions of spirits. Therefore the Timorese were able to accept the most horrific ill-fortune and still be able to carry on as if nothing out of the ordinary had happened. Because of the importance of combating the effects of the Klamar, some people would change their name after a serious misfortune so that the Klamar would not know them any more, and nothing would persuade them to admit to being previously known by their prior name, which was very disconcerting for the Portuguese conducting the biannual census. During the Second World War the Australian soldiers in East Timor employed many adolescent boys to help them with their baggage. One day while being chased by the Japanese, we had to cross a flooded stream. The usual method was to enter the stream with the upstream leg bent and down stream leg stiff and by a forward hopping action progress across to the other bank. During the course of crossing two of the Timorese boys were hit by rocks along along the bed of the stream and were swept down stream and drowned. The Australian soldiers were most upset with such a tragic personal loss but the Timorese said, "We are here to protect the Australians. All the Australians are safe, and that is all that is important." It would have been very bad manners to have shown grief to us. There are many other instances that could be related about the care for other people the Timorese showed us during our war in Timor. Marriage and the arrangement of marriage consumed a great deal of time and ceremony. The usual and preferred method was by HAFOLI (lit:to fix the value) where a go-between (a katuas close to the family) would spend up to a year and even longer fixing the terms of the alliance. The proper gifts were passed to each side as the terms were gradually sorted out. At each stage the Lia Na'in would recite long lengths of poetry DADOLIN (two line verse) emphasising the merits of the alliance to the opposite side. A Lia Na'in from the other side would do the same, as the guests ate food supplied by the groom's relatives. When the terms had been agreed upon, and the initial gifts exchanged, (buffalo, and horses from the groom's family as well as gold and silver, and from the bride's family goats, pigs and cloth) the two young people often lived together on a nightly basis in the house of the girl's parents. Consummation was the only recognised rite of marriage. Now that so many Timorese are Christian, the priests could be insisting on a marriage ceremony similar to that conducted in our churches. In times past marriage was not entered upon lightly. Firstly the prospective groom would approach his parents for permission to marry. Then the elders would decide if the young man was a suitable candidate to become a full member of the clan, as only married men and women were allowed to enter fully into all the religious rites and secrets. If for any reason the elders decided that the young man was not suitable to become a full clan member (as a practising priest of Mother Earth), then no arrangement could be made for his marriage. Of course this does not happen any more. Since 1975 many young men take the woman of their choice as their wife without any ceremony. This is called HAFE. Unlike in our Western culture, marriage between first cousins is not frowned upon, provided the nuptial couple were the children of a brother or sister. Two children of sisters or brothers was strictly forbidden. Slavery was an accepted way of life even in 1975. It was a very benign practice, but it still existed, even though it had been outlawed by the Portuguese. It was not uncommon for young boys and some girls to be sold into slavery. I personally know some young Timorese refugees who were slaves in Timor. Another way of describing the practice would be to say the ATAN (slave) was an unpaid servant, also called KREADO (nurse for a baby), who was not free to leave the family. Their masters were responsible for their welfare and usually the slave was treated humanely. It was not unusual for a slave to become part of the family to such a degree that on adulthood he married a daughter of the family. The Timorese have a special reverence for death. It was the time when the virtues of the deceased were told to the world at great length by the mourners. The demise of an important clan member meant much displacement of power, with new positions to be filled. Sometimes it was found that the only solution was to offer the position to someone in a neighbouring clan. In extreme situations the clan was split into two. It has been said to me by a KATUAS (wise old man) that by nature man is a spiller of blood, and is incapable of controlling his actions which are against the needs of Mother Earth, where harmony will ensure a fruitful life for humans. Therefore it is better for him to satisfy his instinct outside his family, so that he can live in harmony at home with his wife and children. After about a year, all the relatives and those who had a debt owing to them, or those who had an alliance with the deceased were invited to a KORE METAN (celebration of departure) back to where the soul of the deceased had emerged form the womb of Mother Earth. Many final debts were repaid in the work involved in the preparation of the feast. The guests gorged themselves with meat and TUAKA (palm wine) for anything up to a week of dancing and telling stories of the virtues of the departed. I do not purport that what has been written is anything but a thumbnail sketch of the psyche of East Timorese culture, because it is difficult to obtain more than a glimpse into the religious life of the Timorese Animist world. I am happy if it helps the traveller have a greater understanding and appreciation of life in East Timor. Tetun is a soft language, because of the lack of harsh guttural sounds. The stress is usually on the penultimate syllable with a few exceptions. Capital letters denote stress: HA-re, to see ha-FI-la, to return ha-LU-ha, to forget ba-BU-rit, a syringe hak-FI-lak, to alter nak-FU-nan, to become mouldy a-RU-ma, some (mostly said as RU-ma) KU-ak, hole IS-in, body BA-dain, tradesman KA-rau, buffalo RAI, earth Sometimes the letter U may act as a consonant similar to English W. In some areas this sound is changed B as more natural sound for that district: la-UA-rik, youth (la-BA-rik) UA-ni, honeybee (BA-ni) UE, water (BE) A small number of Tetun words are stressed irregularly on the last syllable. ha-RE, rice ta-FE, to spite ha-HU, to begin ko-A, to crow Tetun also has double vowels, which are an extension of a single sound, e.g. BOOT, big AAT, bad evil ba-DAAK, rice powder The glottoral stop is common and important practice of speech in Tetun between vowels, as a break or hiatus, and is indicated by '. It can be described as a click at the back of the throat: KO-'-a, to cut NA-'-uk, to steal BE-'-u, to thresh grain Hyphenated words are pronounced as two words, but the stress is on the last penultimate syllable: aman-IKun, uncle bere-LOik, spider bai-RUa, day after tomorrow Consonants are sometimes prefixed to root words, mostly as expletives, to become part of the first syllable, but to be pronounced in such a way to be barely distinguishable: KBA-but, troublemaker KBE-lak, disc KDO-ran, water vessel Some words are pronounced differently in two or more districts: BUU, KBUU, sack A number of words from other languages are included because they are in such common usage they can be regarded as part of the alphabet. The are spelt phonetically: AMIGU, friend (from Portuguese AMIGO) BARLAKE, marriage (from Indonesian BERLAKI) Diphthongs (double vowel sounds): AI like i in ice, AIN, foot EI like e in below, TEIK, to stamp the feet OI like oy in boy, HAKOI, to bury UI like we, TAFUI, to spit AU like ou in pound, BAUR, rainbow EU like ew in sew, KAKEU, a tree OU like ow in bow, BOU to heap Some letters of the English language are not natural to the Tetun language, but may appear in loan words (i.e. introduced words.) Some words are changed to a more natural sound and some letters are interchangeable from district to district, especially where Tetun is spoken as a second language. letter, changed to, examples B, F, BAKU FAKU U, B, LAUARIK LABARIK foreign letters G, K, GABRIEL KABRIEL G, D, GENTIO DENTIU C, K, CAFE KAFE C or Cceil;, S, AC U ASU CH, S, CHA, SA QU, K, VIQUEQUE, UE KEKE V, U, VACA UAKA or BAKA Z, S, ZEFERINO SEFERINO Some English combinations like "CH", "TH" are unpronounceable by Timorese, "thing" being said as "ting". The approximate sounds of the alphabet are: A, like "a" in father B, as in English D, as in English E, like "e" in set or "a" in fake F, like "f" in father H, like "h" in harm I, like "ea" in tea K, like "k" in kite L, like "l" in like M, as in English N, as in English O, like "o" in hot or not. P, as in English R, like Scottish rr with a roll of the tongue S, like "s" in some T, as in English U, like "w" in wake as first letter other letters like "oo" in boot Note: The letters C, G, J, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z are not normally used in Tetum (see above notes on loan words). However loan words still retain their original form, so it is possible to find all letters of the English alphabet. Vowels and consonants at the end of words. E & O when at the end of words are pronounced slightly open. HARE, to see SELE, to destroy KOKO, to try LEBO, to carry Final AE, OE, EO are pronounced slightly open and are articulated as two syllables. HAE, grass MALAE, foreigner SASOE, palm leaf cape LALEO, hut KULEO, seasickness KAKAE, cockatoo In final -EK, -ET, -OK, -OT the consonant is weakly pronounced. This section is a summary of the morphology and syntax of well-spoken Tetun-Los, though it should be noted that the number of of Tetun dialects, and the intrusion of the neighbouring languages, has not made the task of what constitutes good Tetun an easy one.

Nouns are both singular and plural, but can be made either by the insertion of "IDA" for singular, "SIRA" for plural after the noun. KUDA IDA, a horse; UMA IDA; a house, EMA IDA, a person; ASU SIRA, the dogs; EMA SIRA, the person, or the people. Some words express emphatic degrees of the meaning by partial repetition, i.e. by omitting the last consonant in the first part: TEBES, true; TETEBES, very true; MANAS, hot; MANAMANAS extremely hot. Note: this applies to all parts of speech. Words which require emphasis repeat the first syllable of the word as a prefix: MOURIS, MOUMOUSIS, alive. Also refer to HAE and MAKA in dictionary text.

Nouns have no formal gender, but masculinity and femininity may be expressed by adding the following words to the noun: Tetum Dili Other dialects male female male female human mane feto mane feto animal aman inan aman inan animal amak inak plant mane feto manen feton OAN MANE, boy; KUDA INAN, mare; AI DILA MANEN, male pawpaw (one that does not bear fruit).

Possession is shown in nouns by placing NIA between the possessor and the person or thing possessed: KARAU NIA DIKUR (buffalo's horn), or horn of (the) buffalo (literally: 'buffalo-his-horn'); KUDA NIA AIN, horse's leg, or leg of horse (literally: 'horse-his-leg'). In conversation NIA is often dropped; e.g. KARAU DIKUR etc.

Tetun has no special words for "a", "an", or "the" but "IDA" meaning "one" can perform these functions, e.g. FAHI IDA a/the pig. The plural article is formed by adding "SIRA", e.g. FAHI SIRA, the pigs.

Adjectives always follow the noun without exception. They may be formed from other words that end in a vowel by adding the letter K. Nouns and other words ending in N may change this to Km but are often left as they are. Some adjectives are formed by prefixing "HAK" but mostly "NAK", particularly those with a verbal sense.

1st pers. sing., I me, HA'U 2nd pers. sing., you you (polite), O ITA 3rd pers. sing., he she her it, NIA 1st pers. pl., we us (exclusive) we us (inclusive), AMI ITA 2nd pers. pl., you, IMI EMI 3rd pers. pl., they them they (Tetum-Belu), SIRA SIA Pronoun subjects and objects are not distinguished in Tetun. 'We' and 'us' inclusive, includes those being spoken to (i.e. 'we and you'), while 'we' and 'us' exclusive (i.e. 'we alone') do not include those spoken to. AMI MAI ATU IMI, TAN BA ITA HOTU MESA BELUN We come to see you, because we are all friends.

The possessive pronouns are formed by placing the pronoun before the noun with NIA between them, e.g. HA'U NIA ASU, my dog. NIA NIA 'his' is normally shortened to NINIA, e.g. NIA NIA ASU or NINIA ASU, 'his dog, her dog'. In conversation NIA can be dropped when the known ends a vowel provided N or K is added to the end of the noun, e.g. HA'U ASUN, my dog. HA'U NIAN, HA'UN, HA'UK, NIAN, NINIAN etc. are used as possessive pronouns where there is no noun at the end of a sentence.

Root verbs are in the present tense. Verbs may be changed by the addition of particles and/or participles to make them active, reflexive infinite, past, future or present, as well as some conditions not found in English. Tetun has no verb "to be", therefore care should be taken when transposing to English; OAN FETO MOE, the girl is shy, literally 'girl shy'. Verbs beginning with H and O change with person. Other verbs prefix K for the first person singular; HA'U KBA, I go. 1st pers. sing., use letter K, HA'U KA I eat HA'U KBA I go 2nd pers. sing., use letter M, O MA you eat 2nd pers. sing. (polite)., use letter H, ITA HA you eat 3rd pers. sing., use letter N, NIA NA he eats 1st pers. pl. (inc)., use letter H, AMI HA 2nd person. pl. (exc)., use letter H, ITA HA we eat 3rd person pl., use letter R, SIRA RA they eat 3rd person pl. (Belu), use letter R, SIA RA they eat

All verbs are naturally in the present tense, but may give the meaning of another tense by the context of sentence; NIA BA BASAR ABAN, he will go to the market tomorrow; NIA BA BASAR HORISEK, he went to the market yesterday. Tense may also be indicated by tense particles: past tense ONA, TIHA future tense SEI Since all these particles can be used in other ways, examples are given of their use. ONA 1. placed after the verb to form past tense: AMI HA ONA, we ate; MAU BERE BA ONA BAUKAU, Mau Bere went to Baukau. ONA in this use always indicates the immediate past (a short time ago). 2. placed after the word (not a verb) it qualifies to denote a recently completed action: LEKE MAUK MORAS, MAI BE DI'AK ONA, Leke Mauk was sick, but is well know. 3. placed after the word it qualifies as an adverb, meaning "enough", "sufficient": NE'E DI'AK ONA, that is good enough, also TO'O ONA and NATON ONA have the same meaning. 4. Used as an interjection; DI'AK ONA, well, alright. TIHA 1. placed after the verb forms past tense: BERE LELIK LA'O TIHA, Bere Lelike has gone (could be a short or long time ago); MAU LETO BA TIHA UMA, Mau Leto went home (some time ago). 2. placed after the word it qualifies, to give the meaning of 'instead of': LEKI NAHAK LA BA BASAR, NIA BA TIHA SORO, Leki Nahak did not go to the market; instead he went hunting. NIA BA FILA TIHA SORO, or NIA BA TIHA FILA SORO, would mean instead he went hunting 3. placed before ONA it indicates that the action is completely finished: LEKI BEREK HALAI TIHA ONA, Leki Berek has run away. 4. as a verb, to fish with a net: AMI TIHA IKAN BARAK, we net many fish. 5. as a verb to cast, fling, or throw: SIRE TIHA FATUK BA UE, they threw a stone in the water. SEI 1. placed before the verb denotes future tense: ORAS ISA HA'U SEI KBA UA KREDA, shortly I will go to church 2. placed before a verb can indicate that the action is still continuing: TETI BEREK SEI HARIS, Teti Berek is still having a bath. 3. used with DAUK or DAUN indicates negative future tense (sometimes used with LA, LAE): ISULINU SEI DAUK MAI, Isulinu will not come. Note: SEI LA DAUK MAI or LA DAUK SEI are just as correct. PAULU SEI DAUK HALO KNAAR IDA NE'E, Paulo will not do this work. Note: same combination as above applies. SEI DAUK on its own means 'not yet' 4. placed before a verb can have the meaning of 'must' or 'obliged to': AIDA SEI HEMU AI MORUK NE'E, Aida must drink this medicine. O SEI HALO SERBISU IDA NE'E, you must do this work.

-AN Particles placed after the verb to give it a reflexive meaning: NIA OHO AN, he killed himself. When used with RASIK means 'own' or 'self' the construction changes; SUKI NAKENAK RASIK NIA AN, or SUKI NAKENAK NIA AN RASIK, Suki wounds himself. Placed (be)for the verb to indicate purpose or intention: HA'U KBA ATU HARE BASAR, I go to see the market A particle following the verb indicating that the action is still continuing: LEKI MAUK LERE DAUDAUN DU'UT, Leki Mauk is cutting the grass. a causative prefix forming new verbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives: BADAK, short; HABADAK, to shorten; MONU, to fall; HAMONU, to drop; FODAK, timid; HAFODAK, to startle. HA is a contraction of HALO, thus HALO BADAK is contracted to (>) HABADAK, literally 'make short'. particles prefixed to verbs, nouns, and adjectives to form verbs which describe the state or action of the subject resulting from a continued action of the root word: TA'UK to fear > HAMTA'UK, to be in fear (of something); KUUS, nasal mucus > HAMKUSS, to have a cold; LAHA, hunger > HAMLAHA, to be hungry. Note: HAM- and HAN- are interchangeable. particle placed after verbs to indicate a state of rest, abandonment, or permanence: NIA MAI LEREK TASI IBUN, he came to the seashore (infers that he went no further than the seashore) particles prefixed to verbs to form nouns denoting the agent which practises the verb's action: HAFETU, to kick > MAFETUK, kicker; KAIR, to hold > MAKAIR LULIK, the keeper of the sacred house; LA'O, to walk > MALA'OK, traveller, HATETE, to talk > MATETEK, speaker; FUAK, fruitful > MAFUAK, fruiting tree. Note: root words beginning with H change to M, those ending in a vowel add K; also MA and MAK are second person forms of HA and HAK. prefix to form verbs in third person plural; also forms verbal nouns and adjectives. prefix to form verbs in third person plural and also verbal nouns and adjectives. an emphatic particle stressing the word it precedes, not translatable in English, used in all dialects. The Tetun-Dili equivalent is MAK, MAKA. an adverb meaning 'extra', 'plus'. It also forms cardinal numbers over ten: RUANULU RESIN IDA, twenty one, literally, twenty plus one. a participle affixed after a word to form nouns with a derogatory sense: BARUK, lazu; BARUK TEEN, laziness.

Within East Timor there are two natural systems with decimal (10) and quintic (5) as basic units. The decimal system is universally understood and transposable to other decimal systems. 1 IDA 2 RUA 3 TOLU 4 HAAT 5 LIMA 6 NEEN 7 NITU 8 UALU 9 SIA 10 SANULU 11 SANULU RESIN IDA 21 RUANULU RESIN IDA 100 ATUS IDA 246 ATUS RUA HAATNULU RESIN NEEN 1000 RUHAN IDA Larger numbers exist, but for practical purposes they are seldom used as most people using larger numbers do so in the Portuguese or Indonesian systems. (P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word

AAS, high, tall AAT, bad, evil ABAN, tomorrow ABUT, root AGORA (P), now AHI, fire AHI ANAR, ember, glowing coal AHI HAHAN, cook by charring AHI KELAN, ash AHI KOSE, AI KOSE, match AHI LAKAN, flame AHI OAN, lamp AHI SUAR, smoke AHU, lime AHU KRESAN, ash AI, tree, wood, firewood AI ABUT, root AI BALU, box, chest AI BEN, AI UEN, sap, juice, resin AI BUBUR METAN, eucalyptus (black) AI DILA, pawpaw tree AI DILA FUAN, pawpaw fruit AI FARINA, cassava flour AI FUAN, fruit AI FUAN ISIN, edible portion of fruit AI FUAN KULIT, fruit skin AI FUAN MUSAN, fruit seed AI FUNAN, flower AU FUNAN KINAS, petal AI HUN, tree base AI KAMELI, sandalwood AI KEBELAK, plank, board AI KULIT, bark of tree AI LARAN, ALAS, forest AI LELE, kapok AI LIA, ginger AI LOLON, trunk of a tree AI LOS, straight tree AI LUKA, AI FARINA, cassava AI MAHON, shade AI MANAS, chilli AI MORUK, medicine AI NAR, rose bush AI RAHUN, sawdust AI RII, AI RIIN, stake, post AI SNAK, branch of a tree AI SAR, broom AI SARIAN, mahogany tree AI SUAK, digging stick AI TAHAN, leaf AI TAHAN DIKIN, shoot AI TAHAN SOKAT, young leaf AI TARAK, thorn AI FUKUN, knot in tree AIN, leg, foot AIN FATIN, footprint AIN HIRA, how many sticks AI SUKAT, measuring stick AKA, sago ALIN, younger brother ALIN FETO, younger sister ALU, ALUN, pestle AMAK, masculine AMAN, father, male of animals AMAN BOOT, uncle older than father AMAN KI'IK, uncle younger than father AMAN SARANI, godfather AMAN TUAN, grandfather AMI, we (exclusive) AMIGU (P), friend ANANAS (P), pineapple ANAR, ash (see AHI NAR) ANIN, wind ANIN BOOT, strong wind ANIN FUIK, cyclone ASU, dog ASU (P), steel, hard ASU KUTIN, dog flea ATAN, slave ATEN METAN, liver ATUS, hundred AU, bamboo AU TOUHU, sugarcane

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word BA, go, proceed, go off BA, at, in, on, to, for BABA, drum BABETA, ankle ornaments BABOO, horn trumpet BABUKU, snail, slug BABURIT, syringe BADAAK, rice powder, talc BADAIN, tradesman BADAIN AI, carpenter BADAK, short BAER, BAAR, astringent taste BAIN, UAIN, day BAIN HIRA, when BAKU, beat, punish BAKU MALU, fight BALADA, domestic stock BALIU, axe BALU, some, part, half BALU, middle BANI, honey bee BANI BEN, honey BANIN FETO, mother-in-law BANIN MANE, father-in-law BARAK, many, much BARIA, bitter melon BARUK, lazy BARUK TEEN, laziness BASAR, market BATAR, maize, Indian corn BATAR FULIN, corn cob BATAR NURAK, sweet corn BAUR, rainbow BE, UE, water BE KOLAN, swamp BE MATAN, spring BEEN, liquid, juice, sap BEIBEIK, often, continually BEIK, stupid BEIN, grandparent BELAK, disc BELAR, flat, level BELE, can, able BELU, friend BERO, canoe BESI, iron BESI ASU, steel BESIK, near, close BE'U, thresh grain BIBI, goat BIBI MALAE, sheep BIBI RUSA, deer BIDU, dance BIIN, sister BIIT, strength BI'IT, lift by fingers BIKAN, plate BINATAN, domestic animals BIRAK, copper BITI, sleeping mat BOBAR, roll up, tricky BOEK, shrimp BOK, touch BOKAR, thick BOKON, wet BOKUR, fat BOLU, call out BOOT, big, large BOSOK, lie, deceive BOTIL (P), bottle BUA, betel nut BUAN, sorcerer BUAT, thing BUAT RUMA, something BUIS, savage, untamed BUKA, seek, look for BULAK, mad, crazy BUSA, cat BUU, KBUU, sack

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word DADA, pull, drag DADER, early morning DADINIS, mane of horse DADOLIN, verse in two lines DADUR, detain EMA DADUR, prisoner DAHUR, song sung at gatherings DALAN IDA, once DALAN, track, road DAMBUA, grapefruit DASA, sweep DATO, noble class DAUN, needle DA'AN, boil food DEHAN, say, speak DELEK, blind DEROK, orange DEROK MASIN, lemon DE'IT, only DIDIN, wall DIKIN, leaf tip DIKUR, horn, antlers DIMA, spear DINELA (P), window DIUK, deaf DI'AK, good, well DOBEN, darling, dear DODOK, rotten DOIS, stink, smell DOMINGU (P), Sunday DOOK, far, distant DUDU, push DUKUR, sleep SULAS, twist DUN, LA DUN, few, little DUUNI, chase DUUT, grass

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word EMA, person EMA FUIK, savage, wild man ERAVILA (P), pea ESKOLA (P), school ETU, rice (cooked)

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word FAHE, divide FAHI, pig FAHO, harrow weed FAI, pound, crush FALI, again FALUK, widowed FALUN, parcel FALUR, pigeon FANUN, awake FASI, FASE, wash FASI MOS, wash clean FATIN, place, spot, position FATUK, stone, rock FATU KUAK, cave FA'AN, sell FEHUK, tuber of all kinds FEHUK MIDA, sweet potato FEHUK ROPA, potato FEN, wife (impolite) FERIK, old woman FETO, woman FETO FALUK, widow FETO FOUN, daughter-in-law FETO RAN, virgin FETOK, feminine FILA, turn FILA FALI, return, go home FILKA, change, alter FUSYR, abscess FITUN, star FO, give FODAK, timid FOHO, mountain FOHO RAI, uthin FOIN, just, already FOKIT, pull, jerk FOLIN, price, cost FOREI, bean FOREI KELI, soya bean FOREI RAI, peanut FOS, rice (husked) FOUN, new, young FO'ER, dirty FUAK, pimply, fruitful FUAN, fruit, heart FUI, pour liquid FUIK, wild, savage FUKIT, pull out FULAN, moon, month FULIN, bunch FULUN, hair (of body), feathers FUMA (P), smoke tobacco FUNAN, flower FUNU, war FURAK, tasty, nice FURIN, foam of sea FUTU, tie up FUTUN, parcel, package FUUK, hair of head

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word GARFU (P), fork GOSTA (P), like GURU (I), teacher

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word HA, eat HAAS, mango HAAT, four HADAK, bamboo flooring HAER, awake HADI'AK, improve HADOMI, love, like very much HAE, grass variety HAFETU, kick HAFILA, return HAFOIN, therefore, so, then HAFULAK, embrace HAHAN, food, nourishment HAHANEK, wound HAHOURIS, give birth HAHU, begin HAKARAK, want, desire HAKAT, span of hand HAKAT AIN, step, pace HAKDIRUN, palm of hand HAKEREK, write HAFUIK, whistle HAKILAR, shout, yell HAKLALAK, shout HAKMAHAN, camp HAKOI, bury HAKSI'AK, rowdy HAKSOIT, jump HAKSOLOK, happy HAKSUMIK, hide HALAI, run away HALFODAK, astonish, frighten HALI, banyan tree HALIBUR, assemble, collect HALIMAR, play HALO, make, work, construct, do HALO LOS, correct HALUHA, forget HAMLAHA, hungry HAMNASA, laugh HAMOS, cleanse HAMROOK, thirsty HAMUTU, HAMUTUK, together HAN, food HANANU, sing HANEK, plate HANESA, HANESAN, same, similar HANOIN, think, remember HANOURIN, teach HARE, rice HARE, see, look HARE FULIN, ear of rice HARE KAIN, rice stem HARE NATAR, rice paddy HARIS, bathe HASAI, take away HASAN, jaw, chin HATAIS, clothes, get dressed HATAMA, enter, insert HATAN, answer, reply HATENU, bark of dog HATETEN, DEHAN, speak, talk, say HATUDU, indicate, show way HA'E, emphatic particle HA'U, I HA'U NAIN, mine HEIN, wait HELA, live, stay, remain HEMU, drink HENA, cloth HETAN, find, discover, HILI, pick up HIRA, how many, how much HIRUS, angry, annoyed HIRUS MATAN, chest HITU, seven HO, and, with HODI, take, carry HOPU, gallop HOROK, charm, spell HORON, smell HORON KATAK, feel HOTU, completed HOTU, all HOTU, too HOURI, from (time) HOUSI, from (place) HUDI, banana HUN, trunk of tree HUN, base of anything HUSAR, navel HUSIK, leave, abandon HUSU, ask HUSU LIA, question HUU, whisper, blow softly HU'IN, genitals (female)

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word IBUN, mouth IBUN KULIT, lip IBUN RAHUN, beard IDA, one; a IDA DE'IT, one only IDA IDA, each one IDE NE'E, this one, this IDE NE'E BA, that those IDE NE'E BE, which, who IDA NE'E DUNI, this one, definitely IDA NE'E MAZI, this one IDA SELUK, another IHA, is, have, possess IHA, to at, on, in IHA DOOK, far away IHA KARUK, on left IHA KIDUN, on the bottom IHA KLARAN, in middle IHA KRAIK, below IHA KUANA, on right IHA LARAN, inside IHA LEET, in between IHA LETEN, at the top, above IHA LIMAN LOS, on right IHA MOS NE'E BA, as well IHA NE'E, here IHE NE'E BA, there IHA NIA OIN, in front of IHA NIA SOURIN, at the side IHA OKOS, underside IHA ORAS NE'E, this time, then IHA TUTIN, on top IIS, breath IKAN, fish IKUN, tail IKUS, last IMI, you (plural) IMI NIAN, yours INA FERIK, grandmother INAN BOOT, aunt older than mother INAN KI'IK, aunt younger than mother INUS, nose INUS BEEN, snot ISIN, body ISIN MALARIN, fever ISIN MANAS, fever ITA, we (incl.), you (polite) ITA NIA, our ITA NIAN, ours IU, shark

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word JAMBUA, DAMBUA, grapefruit JANTAR (P), dinner JOGA (P), play JOGA SURAT (I), play cards

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word KA, or KA'AN, sister-in-law KABAS, cotton KABAS FATUK, cotton ball KABAS LAHAN, cotton thread KABEER, smooth KABEN, wife (polite) KABUAR, round, plump KABUK, pregnant KABUN, stomach KABUN DULAS, stomach ache KABUN MORAS, stomach ache KADELI, ring KADI, sharpen KADO, saw KAFE, coffee KAIL, fish hook KA'I LISIN, fish hook KAIR, hold, grasp, drive car KA'IT, hook, girlfriend KAKATUA, cockatoo, pliers KAKELUN, bracelet KAKEU, casuarina tree KAKOROK, neck, throat KAKU, owl KAKULUK, roof KAKUTAK, brain KAL, maybe, perhaps KALAN, night KALEN, tin KALOHAN, cloud KAN, greedy KANEK, wound, injure KANURU, spoon KAOA, crow KAPAS (P), good, capable, beautiful KARAU, buffalo KARAU KULIT, hide, leather KARAU UAKA, oxen KARAU UAKA AMAN, bull KARAU UAKA OAN, calf KARETA (P), truck, bus KARIK, maybe, perhaps, if KARO (P), car KARUDU, mint KARUK, left KATAR, scratch, itchy KATUAS, old man KA'UT, bag, sack KBAS, KEBAS, shoulder KBELAK, disc KDORAN, water vessel KEDAN, KEDAS, immediately, at once KEDO, frog KELA, cricket (insect) KELEN, thigh KELEN SOLAN, groin KELEUR ONA, long time ago KESI, fasten, tie KETA, KETAK, don't KE'E, dig KFOLI, loin-cloth KFUI, whistle KIAK, poor, orphan KIDAN, haunch, hindquarters KIDUN, bottom, buttocks KIDUN MEAN, haemorrhoids KILAT, firearm KILAT FUAN, bullet KINAS, petal KINU, yellow KINUR, saffron KITI LILI, firefly, glow worm KIUKAE, quail KI'IK, little, small KLAMAR, soul, spirit KLARAN, middle KLES, open, bare; a shred KLEUK, bent, crooked KLEUR, long time KLOOT, tight, narrow KLOSAN, young, single nobleman KLUNI, pillow KMAAN, light, not heavy KMAHA, dew KMANEK, good, goodness KMAUS, rich KMII, candlenut tree KNAAR, work, job KNIKU, bamboo water, vessel KNUA, hamlet, village KNUUK, nest KOBARKA, basket KOHE, purse KOKO, try, attempt KOKOK, touch, feel KOKOROK, neck KOLAR, smallpox KOLE, KOLEN, tired; wages KONA, towards KOSAR, sweat KOSE, wipe, brush KOTU, break KOU'US, pregnant, cuddle KO'A, cut KO'A LIA, speak, talk KRAIK, down KREDA, church KUAK, hole KUANA, right KUDA horse KUDSA, sow seed, plant KUDA HETIN, girth KOTU KOTUK, saddle bag KUDA LUHAN, stable KUDA LUBUN, kick by horse KUDA TAILN, halter, harness, rope KUIK, KURITA, octopus KULAN, giblet KULIT, hide, skin, bark KULU, breadfruit KULU NAKA, jackfruit KUNUS, capsicum KURITA, octopus KURU, scoop water KUSA, nail KUTUN, flea KUUS, snot, nasal mucous KU'U, pick, gather

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word LA, LAE, no, not LA BELE, can not LA BUAT IDA, nothing LA DUN BARAK, not much LA IDA, none LA IHA, none LA LOS, wrong LA TOS, easy, not difficult LA TO'O, lacking LABADAIN, spider LABARIK, LAUARIK, youth LABARIK FETO, girl LABARIK MANE, boy LAEK, without, not any LAFAEK, crocodile LAFATIK, winnowing basket LAHA, hunger LAHAN, thread LAHAT, net for shrimps LAHO, rat LAI, first, formerly LAKAN, flame LAKETEU, pigeon LAKERU, pumpkin LAKLEUR, not long, soon LAKOI, don't want, refuse LAKON, lost LAKU, possum LALAIS (LAILAIS), quickly LALAR, fly (insect) LALATIK, earthworm LALEHAN, sky LALENOK, mirror LALKIKA, unnecessary LALORON, wave LAMAS, touch, feel LANTENT, sleeping area LANU, drunk LAPIS (P), pencil LARAN, inside, conscience LARAN AAT, evil LARAN MAKEREK, treacherous LARAN MORAS, sick LASAN, penis LASAN FUAN, testicles LA'EN, husband LA'O, go, walk, travel LA'O DE'IT, on foot, walk only LA-OS, nothing LEBO, carry LEKIRAUK, monkey LELE, float LEMU, travel about LENA, sesame LENUK, turtle LERE, trim, cut (garden, grass) LES, tear, rip LESU, hollow log for grinding LET, LEET, gap, space, between LETEN, above LE'U, fence in LIA, word, speech LIA SUIK, secret LIAN, voice, noise LIBRU (P), book LILIN, wax LIMA, five LIMAN, arm LIMAN FUAN, finger LIMAN KABON, arm LIMAN KUKUUN, finger nail LIMAN TANEN, palm LIPA, sarong LIS ASU, garlic LIS BOT, onion LIU, superlative LIU TAN, more, too much LIU TIHA, later LIUR, outside LIUR FATIUN, toilet LIURAI, king LOJA (P), shop LOKE, open LOLON, mass, body LORAIK, afternoon LORO, sun LORO LOR, south LORO MANAS, midday LORO NATUNTUN, midday LORO RUAI, north LORO SA'E, sunrise, east LORON, day LRORON MONU, sunset, west LORON NAROMAN, dawn LORU, LORU TAHAN, laurel tree, bay leaf LOS, right, correct, straight LOTUK, slender Slim LOURI, carry LUAN, courtyard LUHAN, stable LULIK, sacred LUTU, fence LUUN, tears LUUN TURU, cry tears

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word MAHAN, shade MAHAR, thick MAI, come MAI BE, but MAI FALI, come back MAK, MAKA, empathic particle MAKA'AS, strong, sturdy MAKEREK, tricky, variegated MAKIKIT, kite, eagle MAKSOURIN, kidney MALAE, stranger, foreigner MALAHUK, grey MALAIRIN, cold MALU, mutual, reciprocal MALUK, relatives MALUS TAHAN, betel leaf MAMAR, soft, gentle MAMIIK, bladder MAMUK, empty, hollow MANAN, win, earn MANAS, hot MANDUKO, frog MANE, man, male MANTOLUN, egg (hen) MANU, bird MANU FUTU, cockfighting MANU RADE, duck MANU RADE BOOT, goose MARAN, dry MAROMAK, good MASAR, asthma MASIN, salt MASIN MAIDAR, sugar MATAK, green, unripe MATAN, eye, lid MATAN DOOK, native doctor MATAN FUKUN, eyebrow MATAN KULIT, eyelid MATAN OAN, pupil MATE, dead MATE KLAMAR, spirit (of dead) MATEK, dormant, ignition off MATENEK, clever MAU, MAUK, male of names MAUN, brother MAUS, tame MEAN, red MEDA, small marsupial MEHI, dream MEIAS (P), sock MESA, MESAK, only, alone MESTRE (P), teacher METAN, black METI, short, reef METIN, solid, firm ME'AR, cough MIDAR, sweet MIHIS, thin MII, urinate, MEINA, fat, oil MODO, vegetable MODO BEN, soup MODOK, green, yellow MOE, shy, ashamed MOLOK, before (time) MONU, fall MORANGU (P), strawberry MORAS, sick MOS, clean; also too MOSU, appear MOTA, river MOTA AIN, river lower reaches MOTA IBUN, river mouth MOTA SULI, river bed MOULIK, bald MOURIN, scent MOURIS, alive MOUT, sink MUDA (P), move MURAK, gold MUSAN, seed MUTA, vomit MUTIN, white MUU, kiss

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word NA'AN, meat NAFATIN, always, ever NAHAN, cargo, goods NAHE, spread out, divide NAHUN, so, so much NAKDED AR, tremble NAKALI (BE), boil (water) NAKDOKO, rattle NAKFUNAN, mouldy NAKONU, full NAKUKUN, dark NALIUN, lake NANAL, tongue NANI, NANIN swim NARAN, name NARAN BUAT, anyone NARAN IDA, whoever NAROMA, daylight, not dark NARUK, long NATA, chew NATAR, paddy field NATI, bed bug NA'IN, sir (polite title) NA'UK, steal NEEN, six NEHAN, tooth NEHEK, ant NEINEIK, slowly NEON, conscience NESUN, mortar NE'E, this, that NE'E BA, that NE'E BE, which, who NE'E DUNI, therefore NE'E MAI, these NIA, he, possessive particle NIKI, bat (animal) NONA, mistress NONOOK, silent, keep quiet NUDAR, as, as well NURAK, young immature NUU, coconut NU'U NE'E, so, therefore NU'U NE'E DUNI, exactly NU'U SA, why

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word O, you (singular) OAN, child OAN FATIN, uterus OAN FETO, young girl OAN KIAK, orphan OAN MANE, young boy OBRIGADO (P), thanks ODA MATAN, door ODAN, step OHIN, today OHO, kill OIN, face, appearance OIN AAT, ugly, deformed OIN KRAIK, sad OIN SELUK, different OKOS, below ONA, now; past tense particle ORAS, hour, time OSAN, money OSAN MEAN, gold OSAN MUTIN, silver OSAN NARAN, dowry gift

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word RAAT, beach RABAT, near, close RAHUN, dust; fate RAI, ground, land, earth, world RAI AHU, fog RAI FOHO, mountain RAI HELA, guard RAI HENEK, sand RAI HORUN, precipice RAI HUN, mountain foot RAI INUS, cape RAI KABURBUR, hillock, mound RAI KLEAN, slope (of hill) RAI KUAK, hole RAI LOLON, range RAI MALIRIN, cold weather RAI MANAS, hot weather RAI MARAN, dry weather RAI MOULIK, bare space RAI NAKDODO, earthquake RAI NAKUDU, dark RAI SADERE, hillside RAI SUUT, volcano RAI TARTUTU, thunder RAI UDAN, wet weather RAMA, bow RAMA ISIN, arrow RAN, blood RATE, grave RAUT, gather, collect REBEN, ten thousand REBU, lake REDI, fishing net RENTOS, forehead RESIN, more RE'I LIMAN, kiss hand RIAN, brother-in-law RIHUN, thousand RIIN, post, stake RITI, copper, brass RO, boat RO AHI, steam ship ROHAN, tip, extremity RONA, hear ROPA (P), clothes RO RII, mast ROSAK, strong RUA, two RUANULU, twenty RUIN, bone RUMAH, RUMA, any, something RUSA, deer

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word SA, tea SA, what SA IDA, which, what SABAUN (P), soap SABRUKA, orange SABULU, woman's sarong SABURAKA, orange SABURAKA SIIN, lemon SADERE, lean against, support SADIA, compassion SAI, go out SAKUNAR, scorpion SALA, fault, error, sin SALURIK, umbrella SAMA, trample SAMEA, snake SAMODO, green snake SANAK, branch SANAN, pot SANAN BESI, iron pot SANULU, ten SARAK, at least SARANI, Christian SARAUK, black and white SASAN, goods, belongings SASUIT, comb SA'E, climb, rise, mount, go up SA'E RO, board, embark SE, who, whom SEBI (P), chief SEI, future particle SEI DAUK, not yet SELE, destroy, rip up SELU, pay, repay SELUK, other, another SEMO, fly SENTINA (P), toilet SIA, nine SIIN, sour SIMU, answer, take, accept SIRA, they SI'AK, angry SI'IK, guess SOBU, destroy SOE, throw away, discard SOLAN, groin SONA, roast SORO, hunt SOSA, buy SOURI, defend SOURIN BALU, opposite side SOURI-AN, defend oneself SOURU, weave SOURUK, go away, get out SO'O, plough up SUBAR, hide, conceal SUBRAKA, orange SUBRAKA LOTUK, mandarin SUBRAKA SIIN, lemon SUHUK, asthma SUI, extract SUKAIR, tamarind SUKAT, measure SUKU, mend, sew SULAN, shut, cork up SULI, flow SUMIK, secret SUNU, scorch, burn SURA, count SURAT, paper, letter, book SURIK, sword SURU, serve meal SUSAR, difficult SUSU, breast SUSU BEN, milk SUSU MATAN, nipple SUSUK, mosquito SUSUN, suckle SUUT, blow nose

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word TAA, cut, chop TAA ULUN, decapitate TABAKU, tobacco TAFUI, spit TAHA, knife TAHAN, leaf TAHU, mud, clay TAI TETU, valley TAIS, garment TAKA, shut, close TALAS, yam TALIN, rope TAMA, enter, go in TAN, more; find TAN, more, again TAN BA, why, because TANIS, cry TARA, spur for cock fighting TARATA, insult TASKA, ripe TASI, sea TASI BALUN, overseas TASI BE, sea water TASI BOOT, rough sea TASI IBUN, beach TASI INUS, cape TASI KIDUN, sea bottom TASI MAUS, calm sea TASI NAKONU, high tide TASI SI'AK, angry sea TASTI TUN, low tide TATA, bite TAU, put, place TAUTAN, increase TA'UK, afraid TE, excreta TEBE DAI, dance TEBES, truly TETEBES, certainly TEIN, cook TEKI, gecko TENE, invite TERUS, suffer TESI, cut

(P) = Portuguese word (I) = Indonesian word UALU, eight UARTA, strong wind UAT, vein UDAN, rain UDAN RAHUN, light rain UDAN TAU, raining UE, water also BE UIT OAN, small, little UIT OAN DEIT, very little UKUN, govern, rule ULAR, worm ULU, ULUM, first, before, in front ULUK, formerly, in the past ULUN, head ULUN FATUK, skull ULUN MORAS, headache ULUN MOULIK, bald UMA, house UMA HAN, restaurant UMA KAKULUK, house roof UMA KREBEK, house ruins UMA KREDA, church UMA TALIN, house thatch UTUR, mould UUD, whale UUT, dust

above, LETEN abscess, FISUR afraid, TA'UK afternoon, LORAIK again, FALI alive, MOURIS all, HOTU all, TOMAK always, NAFATIN and, with, HO angry, SI'AK angry, annoyed, HIRUS angry sea, TASI SI'AK ankle ornaments, BABETA another, IDA SELUK answer, reply, HATAN answer, take, accept, SIMU ant, NEHEK any, something, RUMAH, RUMA anyone, NARAN BUAT appear, MOSU arm, LIMAN KABON arm, LIMAN arrow, RAMA ISIN as, as well, NUDAR as well, IHA MOS NE'E BA ash, AHU KRESAN ash, AHI KELAN ash, (see AHI ANAR), ANAR ask, HUSU assemble, HALIBUR asthma, MASAR asthma, SUHUK astonish, frighten, HAKFODAK astringent taste, BAER, BAAR at, in, on, to, for, BA at least, SARAK at the side, IHA NIA SOURIN at the top, above, IHA LETEN aunt older than mother, INAN BOOT aunt younger than mother, INAN KI'IK awake, HADER awake FUNUN axe, BALIU

bad, evil, AAT bag, sack, KA'UT bald, MOULIK bald, ULUN MOULIK bamboo, AU bamboo flooring, HADAK bamboo water vessel, KNIKU banana, HUDI banyan tree, HALI bare space, RAI MOULIK bark of dog, HATENU bark of a tree, AI KULIT base of anything, HUN basket, KOBARKA bat, NIKI bathe, HARIS beach, TASI IBUN bean, FOREI beard, IBUN RAHUN beat, punish, BAKU bed, TOBA FATIN bead bug, NATI bee, BANI before (time) MOLOK begin, HAHU below, IHA KRAIK below, OKOS bent, crooked, KLEUK betel leaf, MALUS TAHAN beten nut, BUA big, large, BOOT bird, MANU bite, TATA bitter melon, BARIA black, METAN black and white, SARAUK bladder, MAMIIK blind, DELEK blood, RAN blow nose, SUUT board, embark, SA'E RO boat, RO body, ISIN boil food, DA'AN bone, RUIN book (P), LIBRU bottle (P), BOTIL bottom, buttocks, KIDUN bow, RAMA box, chest, AI BALU boy, LABARIK MANE bracelet, KAKELUN branch, SANAK branch of a tree, AI SANAK breadfruit, KULU break, KOTU break, fracture, TOHAR breast, SUSU breath, IIS broom, AI SAR brother, MAUN brother-in-law, RIAN buffalo, KARAU bull, KARAU UAKA AMAN bullet, KILAT FUAN bunch, FULIN bury, HAKOI but, MAI BE buy, SOSA

calf, KARAU UAKA OAN call out, BOLU calm sea, TASI MAUS camp, HAKMAHAN can, able, BELE can not, LA BELE candlenut tree, KMII canoe, BERO cape, TASI INUS cape, RAI INUS capsicum, KUMUS car, KARO (P) cargo, goods, NAHAN carpenter, BADAIN AI carry, LEBO carry, LOURI cassava, AI LUKA, AI FARINA cassava flour, AI FARINA casuarina tree, JAJEY cat, BUSA cave, FATU KUAK certain, sure, TETEBES change, alter, FILAK charm, spell, HOROK chase, DUNI chest, HIRUS MATAN chew, NATA chief, SEBI (P) child, OAN chilli, AI MANAS Christian, SARANI church, UMA KREDA church, KREDA cleanse, HAMOS clean; also, too, MOS clever, MATENEK climb, mount, go up, SA'E cloth, HENA clothes, FARU, ROPA (P) clothes, get dressed, HATAIS cloud, KALOHAN cockatoo; pliers, KAKATUA cockfighting, MANU FUTU coconut, NUU coffee, KAFE cold, MALIRIN cold weather, RAI MALIRIN collect, assemble, HALIBUR comb, SASUIT come, MAI come back, MAI FALI compassion, SADIA complain, nag, TOLOK completed, HOTU conscience, NEON cook, TEIN cook by charring, AHI HAHAN copper, BIRAK copper, brass, RITI corn cob, BATAR FULIN correct, HALO LOS cotton, KABAS cotton ball, KABAS FATUK cotton thread, KABAS LAHAN cough, ME'AR count, SURA courtyard, LUAN cricket (insect) KELA crocodile, LAFAEK crow, KAOA cry, TANIS cry tears, LUUN TURU cuddle, KOU'US cut, TESI cut, KO'A cut, chop, TAA cyclone, ANIN FUIK

dance, BIDU dance, TEBE DAI dark, NAKUNUN darling, dear, DOBEN daughter-in-law, FETO FOUN dawn, LORON NAROMAN day, LORON day, BAIN, UAIN daylight, not dark, NAROMA dead, MATE deaf, DIUK debt, TUSAN decapitate, TAA ULUN decide, TESI LIAN deer, BIBI RUSA deer, RUSA defend, SOURI defend oneself, SOURI-AN destroy, SOBU destroy, rip up, SELE detain, DAHUR dew, KMAHA different, OIN SELUK difficult, SUSAR dig, KE'E digging stick, AI SUAK dinner, JANTAR (P) dirty, FO'ER disc, KBELAK, BELAK divide, FAHE doctor (native), MATAN DOOK dog, ASU domestic animals, BINATAN domestic stock, BALADA don't, KETA, KETAK don't want, reject, LAKOI door, ODA MATAN dormant, ignition off, MATEK down, KRAIK down, descend, TUN dowry gift, OSAN NARAN dream, MEHI drink, HEMU drop, HAMONU drum, BABA drunk, LANU dry, MARAN dry weather, RAI MARAN duck, MANU RADE dust, UUT dust; fate, RAHUN

each one, IDA IDA ear, TILUN ear hole, TILUN KUAK ear of rice, HARE FULIN early morning, DADER earthquake, RAI NAKDODO earthworm, LALATIK easy, not difficult, LA TOS eat, HA edible portion of fruit, AI FUAN ISIN eel, TUNA egg, TOLUN egg (hen), MANTOLUN eight, UALU ember, glowing coal, AHI ANAR embrace, HAFULAK emphatic particle, HA'E emphatic particle, MAK, MAKA empty, hollow, MAMUK enough, TO'O ONA enter, go in, TAMA enter, insert, HATAMA eucalyptus, AI BUBUR METIN eucalyptus, AI BUBUR MUTIN evil, LARAN AAT exactly, NU'U NE'E DUNI excreta, TE extract, SUI eye,