14.1 df: Report file system space usage

df reports the amount of space used and available on file systems. Synopsis:

df [option]… [file]…

With no arguments, df reports the space used and available on all currently mounted file systems (of all types). Otherwise, df reports on the file system containing each argument file.

Normally the space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (see Block size). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit.

For bind mounts and without arguments, df only outputs the statistics for that device with the shortest mount point name in the list of file systems (mtab), i.e., it hides duplicate entries, unless the -a option is specified.

With the same logic, df elides a mount entry of a dummy pseudo device if there is another mount entry of a real block device for that mount point with the same device number, e.g. the early-boot pseudo file system ‘rootfs’ is not shown per default when already the real root device has been mounted.

If an argument file resolves to a special file containing a mounted file system, df shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the device node. GNU df does not attempt to determine the usage on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires extremely non-portable intimate knowledge of file system structures.

The program accepts the following options. Also see Common options.

-a
--all

Include in the listing dummy, duplicate, or inaccessible file systems, which are omitted by default. Dummy file systems are typically special purpose pseudo file systems such as ‘/proc’, with no associated storage. Duplicate file systems are local or remote file systems that are mounted at separate locations in the local file hierarchy, or bind mounted locations. Inaccessible file systems are those which are mounted but subsequently over-mounted by another file system at that point, or otherwise inaccessible due to permissions of the mount point etc.

-B size
--block-size=size

Scale sizes by size before printing them (see Block size). For example, -BG prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes.

-h
--human-readable

Append a size letter to each size, such as ‘M’ for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; ‘M’ stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to --block-size=human-readable. Use the --si option if you prefer powers of 1000.

-H

Equivalent to --si.

-i
--inodes

List inode usage information instead of block usage. An inode (short for index node) contains information about a file such as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the file system.

-k

Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (see Block size). This option is equivalent to --block-size=1K.

-l
--local

Limit the listing to local file systems. By default, remote file systems are also listed.

--no-sync

Do not invoke the sync system call before getting any usage data. This may make df run significantly faster on systems with many file systems, but on some systems (notably Solaris) the results may be slightly out of date. This is the default.

--output
--output[=field_list]

Use the output format defined by field_list, or print all fields if field_list is omitted. In the latter case, the order of the columns conforms to the order of the field descriptions below.

The use of the --output together with each of the options -i, -P, and -T is mutually exclusive.

FIELD_LIST is a comma-separated list of columns to be included in df’s output and therefore effectively controls the order of output columns. Each field can thus be used at the place of choice, but yet must only be used once.

Valid field names in the field_list are:

source

The source of the mount point, usually a device.

fstype

File system type.

itotal

Total number of inodes.

iused

Number of used inodes.

iavail

Number of available inodes.

ipcent

Percentage of iused divided by itotal.

size

Total number of blocks.

used

Number of used blocks.

avail

Number of available blocks.

pcent

Percentage of used divided by size.

file

The file name if specified on the command line.

target

The mount point.

The fields for block and inodes statistics are affected by the scaling options like -h as usual.

The definition of the field_list can even be split among several --output uses.

#!/bin/sh
# Print the TARGET (i.e., the mount point) along with their percentage
# statistic regarding the blocks and the inodes.
df --out=target --output=pcent,ipcent

# Print all available fields.
df --o
-P
--portability

Use the POSIX output format. This is like the default format except for the following:

  1. The information about each file system is always printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by itself. This means that if the mount device name is more than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns are misaligned.
  2. The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to POSIX.
  3. The default block size and output format are unaffected by the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. However, the default block size is still affected by POSIXLY_CORRECT: it is 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 1024 otherwise. See Block size.
--si

Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as ‘M’ for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; ‘M’ stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to --block-size=si. Use the -h or --human-readable option if you prefer powers of 1024.

--sync

Invoke the sync system call before getting any usage data. On some systems (notably Solaris), doing this yields more up to date results, but in general this option makes df much slower, especially when there are many or very busy file systems.

--total

Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total size, usage and available space of all listed devices. If no arguments are specified df will try harder to elide file systems insignificant to the total available space, by suppressing duplicate remote file systems.

For the grand total line, df prints ‘"total"’ into the source column, and ‘"-"’ into the target column. If there is no source column (see --output), then df prints ‘"total"’ into the target column, if present.

-t fstype
--type=fstype

Limit the listing to file systems of type fstype. Multiple file system types can be specified by giving multiple -t options. By default, nothing is omitted.

-T
--print-type

Print each file system’s type. The types printed here are the same ones you can include or exclude with -t and -x. The particular types printed are whatever is supported by the system. Here are some of the common names (this list is certainly not exhaustive):

nfs

An NFS file system, i.e., one mounted over a network from another machine. This is the one type name which seems to be used uniformly by all systems.

ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, btrfs…

A file system on a locally-mounted device. (The system might even support more than one type here; GNU/Linux does.)

iso9660, cdfs

A file system on a CD or DVD drive. HP-UX uses ‘cdfs’, most other systems use ‘iso9660’.

ntfs,fat

File systems used by MS-Windows / MS-DOS.

-x fstype
--exclude-type=fstype

Limit the listing to file systems not of type fstype. Multiple file system types can be eliminated by giving multiple -x options. By default, no file system types are omitted.

-v

Ignored; for compatibility with System V versions of df.

df is installed only on systems that have usable mount tables, so portable scripts should not rely on its existence.

An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Failure includes the case where no output is generated, so you can inspect the exit status of a command like ‘df -t ext3 -t reiserfs dir’ to test whether dir is on a file system of type ‘ext3’ or ‘reiserfs’.

Since the list of file systems (mtab) is needed to determine the file system type, failure includes the cases when that list cannot be read and one or more of the options -a, -l, -t or -x is used together with a file name argument.