WoMan: Browse Unix Manual Pages “W.O. (without) Man”

As distributed with Emacs 29.1.90.

Francis J. Wright
School of Mathematical Sciences
Queen Mary and Westfield College (University of London)
Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

This file documents WoMan: A program to browse Unix manual pages “W.O. (without) man”.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”

(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.”

1 Introduction

WoMan was developed primarily on various versions of Microsoft Windows, but has also been tested on MS-DOS, and various versions of UNIX and GNU/Linux.

WoMan is distributed with GNU Emacs.

WoMan implements a subset of the formatting performed by the Emacs man (or manual-entry) command to format a Unix-style manual page (usually abbreviated to man page) for display, but without calling any external programs. It is intended to emulate the whole of the roff -man macro package, plus those roff requests (see Background) that are most commonly used in man pages. However, the emulation is modified to include the reformatting done by the Emacs man command. No hyphenation is performed.

Advantages: Much more direct, does not require any external programs. Supports completion on man page names.
Disadvantages: Not a complete emulation. Currently no support for eqn or tbl. Slightly slower for large man pages (but usually faster for small- and medium-size pages).

This browser works quite well on simple well-written man files. It works less well on idiosyncratic files that “break the rules” or use the more obscure roff requests directly. Current test results are available in the file woman.status.

WoMan supports the use of compressed man files via auto-compression-mode by turning it on if necessary. But you may need to adjust the user option woman-file-compression-regexp. See Interface Options.

Brief help on the WoMan interactive commands and user options, all of which begin with the prefix woman- (or occasionally WoMan-), is available most easily by loading WoMan and then either running the command woman-mini-help or selecting the WoMan menu option ‘Mini Help’.

Guidance on reporting bugs is given below. See Reporting Bugs.

2 Background

WoMan is a browser for traditional Unix-style manual page documentation. Each such document is conventionally referred to as a manual page, or man page for short, even though some are very much longer than one page. A man page is a document written using the Unix “man” macros, which are themselves written in the nroff/troff text processing markup language. nroff and troff are text processors originally written for the UNIX operating system by Joseph F. Ossanna at Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA. They are closely related, and except in the few cases where the distinction between them is important I will refer to them both ambiguously as roff.

roff markup consists of requests and escape sequences. A request occupies a complete line and begins with either a period or an apostrophe. An escape sequence is embedded within the input text and begins (by default) with a backslash. The original man macro package defines 20 new roff requests implemented as macros, which were considered to be sufficient for writing man pages. But whilst in principle man pages use only the man macros, in practice a significant number use many other roff requests.

The distinction between troff and nroff is that troff was designed to drive a phototypesetter whereas nroff was designed to produce essentially ASCII output for a character-based device similar to a teletypewriter (usually abbreviated to “teletype” or “tty”). Hence, troff supports much finer control over output positioning than does nroff and can be seen as a forerunner of TeX. Traditionally, man pages are either formatted by troff for typesetting or by nroff for printing on a character printer or displaying on a screen. Of course, over the last 25 years or so, the distinction between typeset output on paper and characters on a screen has become blurred by the fact that most screens now support bit-mapped displays, so that any information that can be printed can also be rendered on screen, the only difference being the resolution.

Nevertheless, Unix-style manual page documentation is still normally browsed on screen by running a program called man. This program looks in a predefined set of directories for the man page matching a specified topic, then either formats the source file by running nroff or recovers a pre-formatted file, and displays it via a pager such as more. nroff normally formats for a printer, so it paginates the output, numbers the pages, etc., most of which is irrelevant when the document is browsed as a continuous scrollable document on screen. The only concession to on-screen browsing normally implemented by the man program is to squeeze consecutive blank lines into a single blank line.

For some time, Emacs has offered an improved interface for browsing man pages in the form of the Emacs man (or manual-entry) command, see Documentation Commands in GNU Emacs Manual. This command runs man as described above, perhaps in the background, and then post-processes the output to remove much of the nroff pagination such as page headers and footers, and places the result into an Emacs buffer. It puts this buffer into a special major mode, which is tailored for man page browsing, and provides a number of useful navigation commands, support for following references, etc. It provides some support for special display faces (fonts), but no special menu or mouse support. The Emacs man package appears to have been developed over about 10 years, from the late 1980s to the late 1990s.

There is considerable inefficiency in having nroff paginate a document and then removing most of the pagination!

WoMan is an Emacs Lisp library that provides an emulation of the functionality of the Emacs man command, the main difference being that WoMan does not use any external programs. The only situation in which WoMan might use an external program is when the source file is compressed, when WoMan will use the standard Emacs automatic decompression facility, which does call an external program.

I began developing WoMan in the Spring of 1997 and the first version was released in May 1997. The original motivation for WoMan was the fact that many GNU and Unix programs are ported to other platforms and come with Unix-style manual page documentation. This may be difficult to read because ports of the Unix-style man program can be a little awkward to set up. I decided that it should not be too hard to emulate the 20 man macros directly, without treating them as macros and largely ignoring the underlying roff requests, given the text processing capabilities of Emacs. This proved to be essentially true, and it did not take a great deal of work to be able to format simple man pages acceptably.

One problem arose with the significant number of man pages that use roff requests in addition to the man macros, and since releasing the first version of WoMan I have been continually extending it to support more roff requests. WoMan can now format a significant proportion of the man pages that I have tested, either well or at least readably. However, I have added capabilities partly by making additional passes through the document, a design that is fundamentally flawed. This can only be solved by a major re-design of WoMan to handle the major formatting within a single recursive pass, rather than the present multiple passes without any significant recursion. There are some roff requests that cannot be handled satisfactorily within the present design. Some of these are currently handled by kludges that “usually more or less work.”

The principle advantage of WoMan is that it does not require man, and indeed the name WoMan is a contraction of “without man.” But it has other advantages. It does not paginate the document, so it does not need to un-paginate it again, thereby saving time. It could take full advantage of the display capabilities available to it, and I hope to develop WoMan to take advantage of developments in Emacs itself. At present, WoMan uses several display faces to support bold and italic text, to indicate other fonts, etc. The default faces are also colored, but the choice of faces is customizable. WoMan provides menu support for navigation and mouse support for following references, in addition to the navigation facilities provided by man mode. WoMan has (this) texinfo documentation!

WoMan does not replace man, although it does use a number of the facilities implemented in the Emacs man library. WoMan and man can happily co-exist, which is very useful for comparison and debugging purposes.

3 Finding and Formatting Man Pages

WoMan provides three user interfaces for finding and formatting man pages:

a topic interface similar to that provided by the standard Emacs man command;

a family of filename interfaces analogous to the standard Emacs view-file command;

an automatic interface that detects the file type from its contents. (This is currently neither well tested, well supported nor recommended!)

The topic and filename interfaces support completion in the usual way.

The topic interface is generally the most convenient for regular use, although it may require some special setup, especially if your machine does not already have a conventional man installation (which WoMan tries to detect).

The simplest filename interface command woman-find-file can always be used with no setup at all (provided WoMan is installed and loaded or set up to autoload).

The automatic interface always requires special setup.

Case-Dependence of Filenames

By default, WoMan ignores case in file pathnames only when it seems appropriate. Microsoft Windows users who want complete case independence should set the special NTEmacs variable w32-downcase-file-names to t and use all lower case when setting WoMan file paths.

Topic Interface
Filename Interface
Automatic Interface

3.1 Topic Interface

The topic interface is accessed principally via the command woman. The same command can be accessed via the menu item ‘Help->Manuals->Read Man Page (WoMan)...’ once WoMan has been loaded. The command reads a manual topic in the minibuffer, which can be the basename of a man file anywhere in the man file structure. The “basename” in this context means the filename without any directory component and without any extension or suffix components that relate to the file type. So, for example, if there is a compressed source file in Chapter 5 of the UNIX Programmer’s Manual with the full pathname /usr/local/man/man5/man.conf.5.gz then the topic is man.conf. Provided WoMan is configured correctly, this topic will appear among the completions offered by woman. If more than one file has the same topic name then WoMan will prompt for which file to format. Completion of topics is case insensitive.

Clearly, woman has to know where to look for man files and there are two customizable user options that store this information: woman-manpath and woman-path. See Interface Options. If woman-manpath is not set explicitly then WoMan tries to pick up the information that would be used by the man command, as follows. If the environment variable MANPATH is set, which seems to be the standard mechanism under UNIX, then WoMan parses that. Otherwise, if WoMan can find a configuration file named (by default) man.conf (or something very similar), which seems to be the standard mechanism under GNU/Linux, then it parses that. To be precise, “something very similar” means starting with ‘man’ and ending with ‘.conf’ and possibly more lowercase letters, e.g., manual.configuration. The search path and/or precise full path name for this file are set by the value of the customizable user option woman-man.conf-path. If all else fails, WoMan uses a plausible default man search path.

If the above default configuration does not work correctly for any reason then simply customize the value of woman-manpath. To access man files that are not in a conventional man file hierarchy, customize the value of woman-path to include the directories containing the files. In this way, woman can access manual files anywhere in the entire file system.

There are two differences between woman-manpath and woman-path. Firstly, the elements of woman-manpath must be directories that contain directories of man files, whereas the elements of woman-path must be directories that contain man files directly. Secondly, the last directory component of each element of woman-path is treated as a regular (Emacs) match expression rather than a fixed name, which allows collections of related directories to be specified succinctly. Also, elements of woman-manpath can be conses, indicating a mapping from ‘PATH’ environment variable components to man directory hierarchies.

For topic completion to work, WoMan must build a list of all the manual files that it can access, which can be very slow, especially if a network is involved. For this reason, it caches various amounts of information, after which retrieving it from the cache is very fast. If the cache ever gets out of synchronism with reality, running the woman command with a prefix argument (e.g., C-u M-x woman) will force it to rebuild its cache. This is necessary only if the names or locations of any man files change; it is not necessary if only their contents change. It would always be necessary if such a change occurred whilst Emacs were running and after WoMan has been loaded. It may be necessary if such a change occurs between Emacs sessions and persistent caching is used, although WoMan can detect some changes that invalidate its cache and rebuild it automatically.

Customize the variable woman-cache-filename to save the cache between Emacs sessions. This is recommended only if the woman command is too slow the first time it is run in an Emacs session, while it builds its cache in main memory, which may be very slow. See The WoMan Topic Cache, for further details.

The WoMan Topic Cache
Using the "Word at Point" as a Topic Suggestion

3.1.1 The WoMan Topic Cache

The amount of information that WoMan caches (in main memory and, optionally, saved to disc) is controlled by the user option woman-cache-level. There is a trade-off between the speed with which WoMan can find a file and the size of the cache, and the default setting gives a reasonable compromise.

The woman command always performs a certain amount of caching in main memory, but it can also write its cache to the filestore as a persistent cache under control of the user option woman-cache-filename. If persistent caching is turned on then WoMan re-loads its internal cache from the cache file almost instantaneously, so that there is never any perceptible start-up delay except when WoMan rebuilds its cache. Persistent caching is currently turned off by default. This is because users with persistent caching turned on may overlook the need to force WoMan to rebuild its cache the first time they run it after they have installed new man files; with persistent caching turned off, WoMan automatically rebuilds its cache every time it is run in a new Emacs session.

A prefix argument always causes the woman command (only) to rebuild its topic cache, and to re-save it to woman-cache-filename if this variable has a non-nil value. This is necessary if the names of any of the directories or files in the paths specified by woman-manpath or woman-path change. If WoMan user options that affect the cache are changed then WoMan will automatically update its cache file on disc (if one is in use) the next time it is run in a new Emacs session.

3.1.2 Using the "Word at Point" as a Topic Suggestion

By default, the woman command uses the word nearest to point in the current buffer as a suggestion for the topic to look up, if it exists as a valid topic. The topic can be confirmed or edited in the minibuffer.

You can also bind the variable woman-use-topic-at-point locally to a non-nil value (using let), in which case woman will can use the suggested topic without confirmation if possible. This may be useful to provide special private key bindings, e.g., this key binding for C-c w runs WoMan on the topic at point without seeking confirmation:

(global-set-key "\C-cw"
                (lambda ()
                  (interactive)
                  (let ((woman-use-topic-at-point t))
                    (woman))))

3.2 Filename Interface

The commands in this family are completely independent of the topic interface, caching mechanism, etc.

The filename interface is accessed principally via the extended command woman-find-file, which is available without any configuration at all (provided WoMan is installed and loaded or set up to autoload). This command can be used to browse any accessible man file, regardless of its filename or location. If the file is compressed then automatic file decompression must already be turned on (e.g., see the ‘Help->Options’ submenu)—it is turned on automatically only by the woman topic interface.

Once WoMan is loaded (or if specially set up), various additional commands in this family are available. In a dired buffer, the command woman-dired-find-file allows the file on the same line as point to be formatted and browsed by WoMan. It is bound to the key W in the dired mode map and added to the dired major mode menu. It may also be bound to w, unless this key is bound by another library, which it is by dired-x, for example. Because it is quite likely that other libraries will extend the capabilities of such a commonly used mode as dired, the precise key bindings added by WoMan to the dired mode map are controlled by the user option woman-dired-keys.

When a tar (Tape ARchive) file is visited in Emacs, it is opened in tar mode, which parses the tar file and shows a dired-like view of its contents. The WoMan command woman-tar-extract-file allows the file on the same line as point to be formatted and browsed by WoMan. It is bound to the key w in the tar mode map and added to the tar major mode menu.

The command woman-reformat-last-file, which is bound to the key R in WoMan mode and available on the major mode menu, reformats the last file formatted by WoMan. This may occasionally be useful if formatting parameters, such as the fill column, are changed, or perhaps if the buffer is somehow corrupted.

The command woman-decode-buffer can be used to decode and browse the current buffer if it is visiting a man file, although it is primarily used internally by WoMan.

3.3 Automatic Interface

Emacs provides an interface to detect automatically the format of a file and decode it when it is visited. It is used primarily by the facilities for editing rich (i.e., formatted) text, as a way to store formatting information transparently as ASCII markup. WoMan can in principle use this interface, but it must be configured explicitly.

This use of WoMan does not seem to be particularly advantageous, so it is not really supported. It originated during early experiments on how best to implement WoMan, before I implemented the current topic interface, and I subsequently stopped using it. I might revive it as a mechanism for storing pre-formatted WoMan files, somewhat analogous to the standard Unix catman facility. In the meantime, it exists for anyone who wants to experiment with it. Once it is set up it is simply a question of visiting the file and there is no WoMan-specific user interface!

To use it, put something like this in your .emacs file. [The call to set-visited-file-name is to avoid font-locking triggered by automatic major mode selection.]

(autoload 'woman-decode-region "woman")

(add-to-list 'format-alist
             '(man "Unix man-page source format" "\\.\\(TH\\|ig\\) "
                   woman-decode-region nil nil
                   (lambda (arg)
                     set-visited-file-name
                     (file-name-sans-extension buffer-file-name))))

4 Browsing Man Pages

Once a man page has been found and formatted, WoMan provides a browsing interface that is essentially the same as that provided by the standard Emacs man command (and much of the code is inherited from the man library, which WoMan currently requires). Many WoMan facilities can be accessed from the WoMan major mode menu as well as via key bindings, etc.

WoMan does not produce any page breaks or page numbers, and in fact does not paginate the man page at all, since this is not appropriate for continuous online browsing. It produces a document header line that is constructed from the standard man page header and footer. Apart from that, the appearance of the formatted man page should be almost identical to what would be produced by man, with consecutive blank lines squeezed to a single blank line.

Fonts and Faces
Navigation
Following References
Changing the Current Man Page
Convenience Key Bindings
Imenu Support; Contents Menu

4.1 Fonts and Faces

Fonts used by roff are handled by WoMan as faces, the details of which are customizable. See Faces. WoMan supports both the italic and bold fonts normally used in man pages, together with a single face to represent all unknown fonts (which are occasionally used in “non-standard” man pages, usually to represent a “typewriter” font) and a face to indicate additional symbols introduced by WoMan. This currently means the characters ^ and _ used to indicate super- and sub-scripts, which are not displayed well by WoMan.

4.2 Navigation

Man (and hence WoMan) mode can be thought of as a superset of view mode. The buffer cannot be edited, so keys that would normally self-insert are used for navigation. The WoMan key bindings are a minor modification of the man key bindings.

SPC ¶: Scroll the man page up the window (scroll-up).
DEL ¶
S-SPC: Scroll the man page down the window (scroll-down).
n ¶: Move point to the Nth next section—default 1 (Man-next-section).
p ¶: Move point to Nth previous section—default 1 (Man-previous-section).
g ¶: Move point to the specified section (Man-goto-section).
s ¶: Move point to the “SEE ALSO” section (Man-goto-see-also-section). Actually the section moved to is described by Man-see-also-regexp.

4.3 Following References

Man pages usually contain a “SEE ALSO” section containing references to other man pages. If these man pages are installed then WoMan can easily be directed to follow the reference, i.e., to find and format the man page. When the mouse is passed over a correctly formatted reference it is highlighted, in which case clicking the middle button mouse-2 will cause WoMan to follow the reference. Alternatively, when point is over such a reference the key RET will follow the reference.

Any word in the buffer can be used as a reference by clicking mouse-2 over it provided the Meta key is also used (although in general such a “reference” will not lead to a man page). Alternatively, the key r allows completion to be used to select a reference to follow, based on the word at point as default.

mouse-2 ¶: Run WoMan with word under mouse as topic (woman-mouse-2). The word must be mouse-highlighted unless woman-mouse-2 is used with the Meta key.
RET ¶: Get the man page for the topic under (or nearest to) point (man-follow).
r ¶: Get one of the man pages referred to in the “SEE ALSO” section (Man-follow-manual-reference). Specify which reference to use; default is based on word at point.

4.4 Changing the Current Man Page

The man page currently being browsed by WoMan can be changed in several ways. The command woman can be invoked to format another man page, or the current WoMan buffer can be buried or killed. WoMan maintains a ring of formatted man pages, and it is possible to move forwards and backwards in this ring by moving to the next or previous man page. It is sometimes useful to reformat the current page, for example after the right margin (the wrap column) or some other formatting parameter has been changed.

Buffers formatted by Man and WoMan are completely unrelated, even though some of the commands to manipulate them are superficially the same (and share code).

m ¶: Run the command man to get a Un*x manual page and put it in a buffer. This command is the top-level command in the man package. It runs a Un*x command to retrieve and clean a man page in the background and places the results in a Man mode (man page browsing) buffer. If a man buffer already exists for this man page, it will display immediately. This works exactly the same if WoMan is loaded, except that the formatting time is displayed in the mini-buffer.
w ¶: Run the command woman exactly as if the extended command or menu item had been used.
q ¶: Bury the buffer containing the current man page (Man-quit), i.e., move it to the bottom of the buffer stack.
k ¶: Kill the buffer containing the current man page (Man-kill), i.e., delete it completely so that it can be retrieved only by formatting the page again.
M-p ¶: Find the previous WoMan buffer (WoMan-previous-manpage).
M-n ¶: Find the next WoMan buffer (WoMan-next-manpage).
R ¶: Call WoMan to reformat the last man page formatted by WoMan (woman-reformat-last-file), e.g., after changing the fill column.

4.5 Convenience Key Bindings

- ¶: Begin a negative numeric argument for the next command (negative-argument).
0 .. 9 ¶: Part of the numeric argument for the next command (digit-argument).
< ¶
.: Move point to the beginning of the buffer; leave mark at previous position (beginning-of-buffer).
> ¶: Move point to the end of the buffer; leave mark at previous position (end-of-buffer).
? ¶: Display documentation of current major mode and minor modes (describe-mode). The major mode description comes first, followed by the minor modes, each on a separate page.

4.6 Imenu Support; Contents Menu

The WoMan menu provides an option to make a contents menu for the current man page (using imenu). Alternatively, if you customize the option woman-imenu to t then WoMan will do it automatically for every man page. The menu title is set by the option woman-imenu-title, which is “CONTENTS” by default. The menu shows manual sections and subsections by default, but you can change this by customizing woman-imenu-generic-expression.

WoMan is configured not to replace spaces in an imenu *Completion* buffer. For further documentation on the use of imenu, such as menu sorting, see the source file imenu.el, which is distributed with GNU Emacs.

5 Customization

All WoMan user options are customizable, and it is recommended to change them only via the standard Emacs customization facilities. WoMan defines a top-level customization group called WoMan under the parent group Help. It can be accessed either via the standard Emacs facilities, e.g., via the ‘Help->Customize’ submenu, or via the WoMan major mode menu.

The top-level WoMan group contains only a few general options and three subgroups. The hooks are provided only for special purposes that, for example, require code to be executed, and should be changed only via Customization or the function add-hook. Most customization should be possible via existing user options.

woman-show-log ¶: A boolean value that defaults to nil. If non-nil then show the *WoMan-Log* buffer if appropriate, i.e., if any warning messages are written to it. See The *WoMan-Log* Buffer.
woman-pre-format-hook ¶: A hook run immediately before formatting a buffer. It might, for example, be used for face customization. See Faces, however.
woman-post-format-hook ¶: A hook run immediately after formatting a buffer. It might, for example, be used for installing a dynamic menu using imenu. (However. in this case it is better to use the built-in WoMan imenu support. See Imenu Support; Contents Menu.)

Customization Subgroups

WoMan Interface: These options control the process of locating the appropriate file to browse, and the appearance of the browsing interface.
WoMan Formatting: These options control the layout that WoMan uses to format the man page.
WoMan Faces: These options control the display faces that WoMan uses to format the man page.

Interface Options
Formatting Options
Faces
Special symbols

5.1 Interface Options

These options control the process of locating the appropriate file to browse, and the appearance of the browsing interface.

woman-man.conf-path ¶

A list of strings representing directories to search and/or files to try for a man configuration file. The default is

("/etc" "/usr/local/lib")

[for GNU/Linux and Cygwin respectively.] A trailing separator (/ for UNIX etc.) on directories is optional and the filename matched if a directory is specified is the first to match the regexp man.*\.conf. If the environment variable MANPATH is not set but a configuration file is found then it is parsed instead (or as well) to provide a default value for woman-manpath.

woman-manpath ¶

A list of strings representing directory trees to search for Unix manual files. Each element should be the name of a directory that contains subdirectories of the form man?, or more precisely subdirectories selected by the value of woman-manpath-man-regexp. Non-directory and unreadable files are ignored. This can also contain conses, with the car indicating a PATH variable component mapped to the directory tree given in the cdr.

If not set then the environment variable MANPATH is used. If no such environment variable is found, the default list is determined by consulting the man configuration file if found. By default this is expected to be either /etc/man.config or /usr/local/lib/man.conf, which is controlled by the user option woman-man.conf-path. An empty substring of MANPATH denotes the default list. Otherwise, the default value of this variable is

("/usr/man" "/usr/local/man")

Any environment variables (names of which must have the Unix-style form $NAME, e.g., $HOME, $EMACSDATA, $EMACS_DIR, regardless of platform) are evaluated first but each element must evaluate to a single name of a directory. Trailing /s are ignored. (Specific directories in woman-path are also searched.)

On Microsoft platforms I recommend including drive letters explicitly, e.g.:

("C:/Cygwin/usr/man" "C:/usr/man" "C:/usr/local/man")

The MANPATH environment variable may be set using DOS semi-colon-separated or Unix-style colon-separated syntax (but not mixed).

woman-manpath-man-regexp ¶

A regular expression to match man directories under the woman-manpath directories. These normally have names of the form man?. Its default value is "[Mm][Aa][Nn]", which is case-insensitive mainly for the benefit of Microsoft platforms. Its purpose is to avoid directories such as cat?, ., .., etc.

woman-path ¶

A list of strings representing specific directories to search for Unix manual files. For example

("/emacs/etc")

These directories are searched in addition to the directory trees specified in woman-manpath. Each element should be a directory string or nil, which represents the current directory when the path is expanded and cached. However, the last component (only) of each directory string is treated as a regexp (Emacs, not shell) and the string is expanded into a list of matching directories. Non-directory and unreadable files are ignored. The default value on MS-DOS is

("$DJDIR/info" "$DJDIR/man/cat[1-9onlp]")

and on other platforms is nil.

("$EMACSDATA")

or equivalently

("$EMACS_DIR/etc")

Trailing /s are discarded. (The directory trees in woman-manpath are also searched.) On Microsoft platforms I recommend including drive letters explicitly.

woman-cache-level ¶

A positive integer representing the level of topic caching:

cache only the topic and directory lists (uses minimal memory, but not recommended);
cache also the directories for each topic (faster, without using much more memory);
cache also the actual filenames for each topic (fastest, but uses twice as much memory).

The default value is currently 2, a good general compromise. If the woman command is slow to find files then try 3, which may be particularly beneficial with large remote-mounted man directories. Run the woman command with a prefix argument or delete the cache file woman-cache-filename for a change to take effect. (Values < 1 behave like 1; values > 3 behave like 3.)

woman-cache-filename ¶

Either a string representing the full pathname of the WoMan directory and topic cache file, or nil. It is used to save and restore the cache between Emacs sessions. This is especially useful with remote-mounted man page files! The default value of nil suppresses this action. The “standard” non-nil filename is ~/.wmncach.el. Remember that a prefix argument forces the woman command to update and re-write the cache.

woman-dired-keys ¶

A list of dired mode keys to be defined to run WoMan on the current file, e.g., ("w" "W") or any non-nil atom to automatically define w and W if they are unbound, or nil to do nothing. Default is t.

woman-imenu-generic-expression ¶

Imenu support for Sections and Subsections: an alist with elements of the form (MENU-TITLE REGEXP INDEX)—see the documentation for imenu-generic-expression. Default value is

((nil "\n\\([A-Z].*\\)" 1)  ; SECTION, but not TITLE
 ("*Subsections*" "^   \\([A-Z].*\\)" 1))

woman-imenu ¶

A boolean value that defaults to nil. If non-nil then WoMan adds a Contents menu to the menubar by calling imenu-add-to-menubar.

woman-imenu-title ¶

A string representing the title to use if WoMan adds a Contents menu to the menubar. Default is "CONTENTS".

woman-use-topic-at-point ¶

A boolean value that defaults to nil. If non-nil then the woman command uses the word at point as the topic, without interactive confirmation, if it exists as a topic.

woman-use-topic-at-point-default ¶

A boolean value representing the default value for woman-use-topic-at-point. The default value is nil. [The variable woman-use-topic-at-point may be let-bound when woman is loaded, in which case its global value does not get defined. The function woman-file-name sets it to this value if it is unbound.]

woman-uncompressed-file-regexp ¶

A regular match expression used to select man source files (ignoring any compression extension). The default value is "\\.\$[0-9lmnt]\\w*\$" [which means a filename extension is required].

Do not change this unless you are sure you know what you are doing!

The SysV standard man pages use two character suffixes, and this is becoming more common in the GNU world. For example, the man pages in the ncurses package include toe.1m, form.3x, etc.

Please note: an optional compression regexp will be appended, so this regexp must not end with any kind of string terminator such as $ or \\'.

woman-file-compression-regexp ¶

A regular match expression used to match compressed man file extensions for which decompressors are available and handled by auto-compression mode. It should begin with \\. and end with \\' and must not be optional. The default value is "\\.\$g?z\\|bz2\\|xz\$\\'", which matches the gzip, bzip2, and xz compression extensions.

Do not change this unless you are sure you know what you are doing!

[It should be compatible with the car of jka-compr-file-name-handler-entry, but that is unduly complicated, includes an inappropriate extension (.tgz) and is not loaded by default!]

woman-use-own-frame ¶

If non-nil then use a dedicated frame for displaying WoMan windows. This is useful only when WoMan is run under a window system such as X or Microsoft Windows that supports real multiple frames, in which case the default value is non-nil.

5.2 Formatting Options

These options control the layout that WoMan uses to format the man page.

woman-fill-column ¶: An integer specifying the right margin for formatted text. Default is 65.
woman-fill-frame ¶: A boolean value. If non-nil then most of the frame width is used, overriding the value of woman-fill-column. Default is nil.
woman-default-indent ¶: An integer specifying the default prevailing indent for the -man macros. Default is 5. Set this variable to 7 to emulate GNU/Linux man formatting.
woman-bold-headings ¶: A boolean value. If non-nil then embolden section and subsection headings. Default is t. [Heading emboldening is not standard man behavior.]
woman-ignore ¶: A boolean value. If non-nil then unrecognized requests etc. are ignored. Default is t. This gives the standard roff behavior. If nil then they are left in the buffer, which may aid debugging.
woman-preserve-ascii ¶: A boolean value. If non-nil then preserve ASCII characters in the WoMan buffer. Otherwise, non-ASCII characters (that display as ASCII) may remain, which is irrelevant unless the buffer is to be saved to a file. Default is nil.
woman-emulation ¶: WoMan emulation, currently either nroff or troff. Default is nroff. troff emulation is experimental and largely untested.

5.3 Faces

These options control the display faces that WoMan uses to format the man page.

woman-fontify ¶: A boolean value. If non-nil then WoMan assumes that face support is available. It defaults to a non-nil value if the display supports either colors or different fonts.
woman-italic-face ¶: Face for italic font in man pages. Default: italic, underlined, foreground red. This is overkill! troff uses just italic; nroff uses just underline. You should probably select either italic or underline as you prefer, but not both, although italic and underline work together perfectly well!
woman-bold-face ¶: Face for bold font in man pages. Default: bold, foreground blue.
woman-unknown-face ¶: Face for all unknown fonts in man pages. Default: foreground brown. Brown is a good compromise: it is distinguishable from the default but not enough so as to make font errors look terrible. (Files that use non-standard fonts seem to do so badly or in idiosyncratic ways!)
woman-addition-face ¶: Face for all additions made by WoMan to man pages. Default: foreground orange.

5.4 Special symbols

This section currently applies only to Microsoft Windows.

WoMan provides partial experimental support for special symbols, initially only for MS-Windows and only for MS-Windows fonts. This includes both non-ASCII characters from the main text font and use of a separate symbol font. Later, support will be added for other font types (e.g., bdf fonts) and for the X Window System. In Emacs 20.7, the current support works partially under Windows 9x but may not work on any other platform.

woman-use-extended-font ¶

A boolean value. If non-nil then WoMan may use non-ASCII characters from the default font. Default is t.

woman-use-symbol-font ¶

A boolean value. If non-nil then WoMan may use the symbol font. Default is nil, mainly because it may change the line spacing (at least in NTEmacs 20).

woman-symbol-font ¶

A string describing the symbol font to use for special characters. It should be compatible with, and the same size as, the default text font. Under MS-Windows, the default is

"-*-Symbol-normal-r-*-*-*-*-96-96-p-*-ms-symbol"

6 The WoMan-Log Buffer

This is modeled on the Emacs byte-compiler. It logs all files formatted by WoMan and the time taken. If WoMan finds anything that it cannot handle then it writes a warning to this buffer. If the variable woman-show-log is non-nil (by default it is nil) then WoMan automatically displays this buffer. See Interface Options. Many WoMan warnings can be completely ignored, because they are reporting the fact that WoMan has ignored requests that it is correct for WoMan to ignore. In some future version this level of paranoia may be reduced, but not until WoMan is deemed more reliable. At present, all warnings should be treated with some suspicion. Uninterpreted escape sequences are also logged (in some cases).

By resetting the variable woman-ignore to nil (by default it is t), uninterpreted roff requests can optionally be left in the formatted buffer to indicate precisely where they occurred. See Interface Options.

7 Technical Details

Horizontal and vertical spacing and resolution

WoMan currently assumes 10 characters per inch horizontally, hence a horizontal resolution of 24 basic units, and 5 lines per inch vertically, hence a vertical resolution of 48 basic units. (nroff uses 240 per inch.)

Vertical spacing and blank lines

The number of consecutive blank lines in the formatted buffer should be either 0 or 1. A blank line should leave a space like .sp 1. Current policy is to output vertical space only immediately before text is output.

8 Reporting Bugs

If WoMan fails completely, or formats a file incorrectly (i.e., obviously wrongly or significantly differently from man) or inelegantly, then please

try the latest version of woman.el from the Emacs repository on https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/emacs/. If it still fails, please
use M-x report-emacs-bug to send a bug report. Please include the entry from the *WoMan-Log* buffer relating to the problem file, together with a brief description of the problem. Please indicate where you got the man source file from, but do not send it unless asked to send it.

9 Acknowledgments

For Heather, Kathryn and Madelyn, the women in my life (although they will probably never use it)!

I also thank the following for helpful suggestions, bug reports, code fragments, general interest, etc.:

Jari Aalto, Dean Andrews, Juanma Barranquero, Karl Berry, Jim Chapman, Frederic Corne, Peter Craft, Charles Curley, Jim Davidson, Kevin D’Elia, John Fitch, Hans Frosch, Guy Gascoigne-Piggford, Brian Gorka, Nicolai Henriksen, Thomas Herchenroeder, Alexander Hinds, Stefan Hornburg, Theodore Jump, Paul Kinnucan, Jonas Linde, Andrew McRae, Howard Melman, Dennis Pixton, T. V. Raman, Bruce Ravel, Benjamin Riefenstahl, Kevin Ruland, Tom Schutter, Wei-Xue Shi, Fabio Somenzi, Karel Sprenger, Chris Szurgot, Paul A. Thompson, Arrigo Triulzi, Geoff Voelker, Eli Zaretskii

Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
https://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.

A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
    the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
    being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

Command Index

Jump to:	B D E M N S W

	Index Entry	Section

B
	`beginning-of-buffer`:	Convenience

D
	`describe-mode`:	Convenience
	`digit-argument`:	Convenience

E
	`end-of-buffer`:	Convenience

M
	`man`:	Changing
	`man-follow`:	References
	`Man-follow-manual-reference`:	References
	`Man-goto-section`:	Navigation
	`Man-goto-see-also-section`:	Navigation
	`Man-kill`:	Changing
	`Man-next-section`:	Navigation
	`Man-previous-section`:	Navigation
	`Man-quit`:	Changing

N
	`negative-argument`:	Convenience

S
	`scroll-down`:	Navigation
	`scroll-up`:	Navigation

W
	`woman`:	Changing
	`woman-decode-buffer`:	Filename
	`woman-dired-find-file`:	Filename
	`woman-find-file`:	Filename
	`woman-mouse-2`:	References
	`WoMan-next-manpage`:	Changing
	`WoMan-previous-manpage`:	Changing
	`woman-reformat-last-file`:	Changing
	`woman-tar-extract-file`:	Filename

Jump to:	B D E M N S W

Variable Index

Jump to:	W

	Index Entry	Section

W
	`w32-downcase-file-names`:	Finding
	`woman-addition-face`:	Faces
	`woman-bold-face`:	Faces
	`woman-bold-headings`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-cache-filename`:	Interface Options
	`woman-cache-level`:	Interface Options
	`woman-default-indent`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-dired-keys`:	Interface Options
	`woman-emulation`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-file-compression-regexp`:	Interface Options
	`woman-fill-column`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-fill-frame`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-fontify`:	Faces
	`woman-ignore`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-imenu`:	Interface Options
	`woman-imenu-generic-expression`:	Interface Options
	`woman-imenu-title`:	Interface Options
	`woman-italic-face`:	Faces
	`woman-man.conf-path`:	Interface Options
	`woman-manpath`:	Interface Options
	`woman-manpath-man-regexp`:	Interface Options
	`woman-path`:	Interface Options
	`woman-post-format-hook`:	Customization
	`woman-pre-format-hook`:	Customization
	`woman-preserve-ascii`:	Formatting Options
	`woman-show-log`:	Customization
	`woman-symbol-font`:	Special symbols
	`woman-uncompressed-file-regexp`:	Interface Options
	`woman-unknown-face`:	Faces
	`woman-use-extended-font`:	Special symbols
	`woman-use-own-frame`:	Interface Options
	`woman-use-symbol-font`:	Special symbols
	`woman-use-topic-at-point`:	Interface Options
	`woman-use-topic-at-point-default`:	Interface Options

Jump to:	W

Keystroke Index

Jump to:	- . 0 < > ? D G K M N P Q R S W

	Index Entry	Section

-
	`-`:	Convenience

.
	`.`:	Convenience

0
	`0 .. 9`:	Convenience

<
	`<`:	Convenience

>
	`>`:	Convenience

?
	`?`:	Convenience

D
	`DEL`:	Navigation

G
	`g`:	Navigation

K
	`k`:	Changing

M
	`m`:	Changing
	`M-n`:	Changing
	`M-p`:	Changing
	`mouse-2`:	References

N
	`n`:	Navigation

P
	`p`:	Navigation

Q
	`q`:	Changing

R
	`r`:	References
	`R`:	Changing
	`RET`:	References

S
	`s`:	Navigation
	`S-SPC`:	Navigation
	`SPC`:	Navigation

W
	`w`:	Changing

Jump to:	- . 0 < > ? D G K M N P Q R S W

Concept Index

Jump to:	A B C D F H I K L M N P R S T U V W

	Index Entry	Section

A
	acknowledgments:	Acknowledgments
	automatic interface:	Automatic

B
	background:	Background
	browsing man pages:	Browsing
	buffer, log:	Log
	bugs, reporting:	Bugs

C
	cache, topic:	Cache
	case-sensitivity:	Finding
	changing current man page:	Changing
	contents menu:	Imenu
	convenience key bindings:	Convenience
	current man page, changing:	Changing
	customization:	Customization

D
	directory separator character:	Interface Options

F
	faces:	Fonts
	faces:	Faces
	filename interface:	Filename
	finding man pages:	Finding
	following references:	References
	fonts:	Fonts
	formatting man pages:	Finding
	formatting options:	Formatting Options

H
	horizontal spacing:	Technical

I
	imenu support:	Imenu
	interface options:	Interface Options
	introduction:	Introduction

K
	key bindings, convenience:	Convenience

L
	log buffer:	Log

M
	man pages, browsing:	Browsing
	man pages, finding:	Finding
	man pages, formatting:	Finding
	`MANPATH`, directory separator:	Interface Options
	`MANPATH`, environment variable:	Interface Options

N
	navigation:	Navigation

P
	point, word at:	Word at point

R
	references:	References
	reporting bugs:	Bugs
	resolution:	Technical

S
	spacing, horizontal and vertical:	Technical
	special symbols:	Special symbols

T
	technical details:	Technical
	topic cache:	Cache
	topic interface:	Topic

U
	using, browsing man pages:	Browsing
	using, finding man pages:	Finding
	using, formatting man pages:	Finding

V
	vertical spacing:	Technical

W
	word at point:	Word at point

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