The purpose of this tutorial is to guide you through a very basic development cycle using IDLWAVE. We will paste a simple program into a buffer and use the shell to compile, debug and run it. On the way we will use many of the important IDLWAVE commands. Note, however, that IDLWAVE has many more capabilities than covered here, which can be discovered by reading the entire manual, or hovering over the shoulder of your nearest IDLWAVE guru for a few days.
It is assumed that you have access to Emacs with the full IDLWAVE package including online help. We also assume that you are familiar with Emacs and can read the nomenclature of key presses in Emacs (in particular, C stands for CONTROL and M for META (often the ALT key carries this functionality)).
Open a new source file by typing:
C-x C-f tutorial.pro RET
A buffer for this file will pop up, and it should be in IDLWAVE mode, indicated in the mode line just below the editing window. Also, the menu bar should contain ‘IDLWAVE’.
Now cut-and-paste the following code, also available as tutorial.pro in the IDLWAVE distribution.
function daynr,d,m,y
;; compute a sequence number for a date
;; works 1901-2099.
if y lt 100 then y = y+1900
if m le 2 then delta = 1 else delta = 0
m1 = m + delta*12 + 1
y1 = y * delta
return, d + floor(m1*30.6)+floor(y1*365.25)+5
end
function weekday,day,month,year
;; compute weekday number for date
nr = daynr(day,month,year)
return, nr mod 7
end
pro plot_wday,day,month
;; Plot the weekday of a date in the first 10 years of this century.
years = 2000,+indgen(10)
wdays = intarr(10)
for i=0,n_elements(wdays)-1 do begin
wdays[i] = weekday(day,month,years[i])
end
plot,years,wdays,YS=2,YT="Wday (0=Sunday)"
end
The indentation probably looks funny, since it’s different from the settings you use, so use the TAB key in each line to automatically line it up (or, more quickly, select the entire buffer with C-x h, and indent the whole region with C-M-\). Notice how different syntactical elements are highlighted in different colors, if you have set up support for font-lock.
Let’s check out two particular editing features of IDLWAVE. Place the
cursor after the end statement of the for loop and press
SPC. IDLWAVE blinks back to the beginning of the block and
changes the generic end to the specific endfor
automatically (as long as the variable idlwave-expand-generic-end
is turned on; see Lesson II: Customization). Now place the
cursor in any line you would like to split and press M-RET.
The line is split at the cursor position, with the continuation ‘$’
and indentation all taken care of. Use C-/ to undo the last
change.
The procedure plot_wday is supposed to plot the day of the week
of a given date for the first 10 years of the 21st century. As in
most code, there are a few bugs, which we are going to use IDLWAVE to
help us fix.
First, let’s launch the IDLWAVE shell. You do this with the command
C-c C-s. The Emacs window will split or another window will popup
to display IDL running in a shell interaction buffer. Type a few
commands like print,!PI to convince yourself that you can work
there just as well as in a terminal, or the IDLDE. Use the arrow keys
to cycle through your command history. Are we having fun now?
Now go back to the source window and type C-c C-d C-c to compile the program. If you watch the shell buffer, you see that IDLWAVE types ‘.run "tutorial.pro"’ for you. But the compilation fails because there is a comma in the line ‘years=...’. The line with the error is highlighted and the cursor positioned at the error, so remove the comma (you should only need to hit Delete!). Compile again, using the same keystrokes as before. Notice that the file is automatically saved for you. This time everything should work fine, and you should see the three routines compile.
Now we want to use the command to plot the day of the week on January
1st. We could type the full command ourselves, but why do that? Go
back to the shell window, type ‘plot_’ and hit TAB. After
a bit of a delay (while IDLWAVE initializes its routine info database,
if necessary), the window will split to show all procedures it knows
starting with that string, and plot_wday should be one of
them. Saving the buffer alerted IDLWAVE about this new routine.
Click with the middle mouse button on plot_wday and it will be
copied to the shell buffer, or if you prefer, add ‘w’ to
‘plot_’ to make it unambiguous (depending on what other routines
starting with ‘plot_’ you have installed on your system), hit
TAB again, and the full routine name will be completed. Now
provide the two arguments:
plot_wday,1,1
and press RET. This fails with an error message telling
you the YT keyword to plot is ambiguous. What are the allowed
keywords again? Go back to the source window and put the cursor into
the “plot” line and press C-c ?. This shows the routine info
window for the plot routine, which contains a list of keywords, along
with the argument list. Oh, we wanted YTITLE. Fix that up.
Recompile with C-c C-d C-c. Jump back into the shell with
C-c C-s, press the UP arrow to recall the previous command
and execute again.
This time we get a plot, but it is pretty ugly: the points are all
connected with a line. Hmm, isn’t there a way for plot to use
symbols instead? What was that keyword? Position the cursor on the
plot line after a comma (where you’d normally type a keyword), and hit
M-Tab. A long list of plot’s keywords appears. Aha,
there it is, PSYM. Middle click to insert it. An ‘=’
sign is included for you too. Now what were the values of PSYM
supposed to be? With the cursor on or after the keyword, press
M-? for online help (alternatively, you could have right clicked
on the colored keyword itself in the completion list). A browser will
pop up showing the HTML documentation for the PYSM keyword.
OK, let’s use diamonds=4. Fix this, recompile (you know the command
by now: C-c C-d C-c), go back to the shell (if it’s vanished,
you know what to do: C-c C-s) and execute again. Now things
look pretty good.
Let’s try a different day. How about April fool’s day?
plot_wday,1,4
Oops, this looks very wrong. All April Fool’s days cannot be Fridays!
We’ve got a bug in the program, perhaps in the daynr function.
Let’s put a breakpoint on the last line there. Position the cursor on
the ‘return, d+...’ line and press C-c C-d C-b. IDL sets a
breakpoint (as you see in the shell window), and the break line is
indicated. Back to the shell buffer, re-execute the previous command.
IDL stops at the line with the breakpoint. Now hold down the SHIFT
key and click with the middle mouse button on a few variables there:
‘d’, ‘y’, ‘m’, ‘y1’, etc. Maybe d isn’t
the correct type. CONTROL-SHIFT middle-click on it for help. Well,
it’s an integer, so that’s not the problem. Aha, ‘y1’ is zero,
but it should be the year, depending on delta. Shift click
‘delta’ to see that it’s 0. Below, we see the offending line:
‘y1=y*delta...’ the multiplication should have been a minus sign!
Hit q to exit the debugging mode, and fix the line to read:
y1 = y - delta
Now remove all breakpoints: C-c C-d C-a. Recompile and rerun the command. Everything should now work fine. How about those leap years? Change the code to plot 100 years and see that every 28 years, the sequence of weekdays repeats.