O Sistema Operacional GNU

This is a translation of an original page in English.

Essays and Articles

Esta página lista uma série de artigos descrevendo a filosofia do movimento de programs livres, que é nossa motivação para desenvolver o sistema operacional livre GNU.

Também mantemos uma lista de Organizações que Trabalham pela Liberdade no Desenvolvimento de Informática e nas Comunicações Eletrônicas.

Sobre Programas Livres

Informática é uma questão de liberdade: as pessoas deveriam ter a liberdade de usar programas de todas as maneiras socialmente úteis. Programas de computador diferem de objetos materiais — como cadeiras, sanduíches e gasolina — em que podem ser copiados e alterados muito mais facilmente. Essas possibilidades tornam os programas tão úteis; cremos que usuários de Informática deveriam poder utilizá-las.

• O Que São Programas Livres?
• Porque Programas Não Deviam Ter Donos
• Porque Programas Não Deviam Ter Donos (ensaio mais velho e longo sobre o mesmo tema do anterior)
• Porque Programas Programas Livres Precisam de Documentos Livres
• Vender Programas Livres Não Tem Problema!
• Categorias de Programas Livres e Não-Livres
• Programas Livres São Mais Confiáveis!
• Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software
• Linux, GNU, and Freedom
• Regarding Gnutella
• Why Schools Should Use Exclusively Free Software
• MyDoom and You
• 15 Years of Free Software
• Free Software movement
• Your Freedom Needs Free Software
• Motives For Writing Free Software

About the GNU Operating System

• Initial announcement of the GNU Operating System
• The GNU Manifesto
• Brief history of the GNU Project
• The GNU Project, a longer and more complete description of the project and its history.
• What is the Free Software Foundation?
• Why GNU/Linux?

Licensing Free Software

• General information on licensing and copyleft
• A list of specific free software licenses
• Frequently Asked Questions About the GNU Licenses
• Why You Shouldn't Use the Lesser GPL for Your Next Library
• Copyleft
• Why Copyleft?
• Releasing Free Software if You Work at a University
• Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
• Javascript Trap — You may be running non-free programs on your computer every day without realizing it — through your web browser.
• Viral Code and Vaccination, an article by Robert J. Chassell
• Censorship envy and licensing
• The X Window System Trap
• The Problems of the Apple License
• The BSD License Problem
• The Netscape Public License Has Serious Problems
• The Free Software Movement and UDI
• It's not the Gates, it's the bars, an article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in 2008
• Is Microsoft the Great Satan? (An older version of this article is also available.)
• The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and Free Software
• On the Microsoft Verdict
• Microsoft's New Monopoly
• Lest CodePlex perplex
• The Problems of the Plan 9 License
• The New Motif License
• Using the GNU FDL
• The GNU GPL and the American Way
• The GNU GPL and the American Dream
• Enforcing the GNU GPL
• On Selling Exceptions to the GNU GPL
• Freedom or Power?
• We Can Put an End to Word Attachments
• Free But Shackled - The Java Trap (Although as of December 2006 Sun is in the middle of re-releasing its Java platform under GNU GPL, the issue described in this article still remains important)
• Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together
• Software Patents and Literary Patents, by Richard M. Stallman, speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954) covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.
• GPL-compliant version of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works

Laws and Issues

Copyright

• Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto
• How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software
• Misinterpreting Copyright is another essay by Richard Stallman about the flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.
• FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case
• Science must “push copyright aside”, another work of Richard Stallman that appeared in the Nature Webdebates in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding progress in scientific research. You may also be interested in The Public Library of Science, which is dedicated to making scientific research freely available to all on the Internet.
• Reevaluating Copyright: The Public must prevail
• Eldred v. Reno is about a lawsuit to overturn a law that extends copyright by 20 extra years.
• Freedom-Or Copyright?, by Richard Stallman (an older version of this essay remains online as well).
• Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks: is a transcript of a keynote by Richard Stallman at the LIANZA conference in Christchurch, New Zealand, on October 12, 2009.
• An English translation of the famous decision of the District Court of Munich (Germany) regarding the enforceability and validity of the GPL. The translation was done by the Oxford Internet Institute.

Digital Restrictions Management

• The root of this problem is software controlled by its developer, by Richard M. Stallman.
• Computing “progress”: good and bad, by Richard M. Stallman.
• Why Audio Format matters by Karl Fogel
• Opposing Digital Rights Mismanagement, by Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common questions about DRM.
• Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright a slightly modified version of the article, originally published in Technology Review in 2000, by Richard Stallman
• Can you trust your computer?, a work by Richard Stallman about the so-called “trusted computing” initiatives.
• The Right to Read: A Dystopian Short Story by Richard Stallman

The propaganda term “Intellectual Property”

• Don't Let “Intellectual Property” Twist Your Ethos, by Richard M. Stallman.
• Comments from Richard Stallman on the ICLC's rejection of the IP Enforcement Directive
• Richard Stallman has written a review of Boldrin and Levine's “The case against intellectual property.”
• Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage. An essay on the true meaning of the phrase “Intellectual Property”, by Richard M. Stallman

Patents

• FSF's Position on W3 Consortium “Royalty-Free” Patent Policy rewritten
• That's fighting talk a slightly modified version of the article, originally published in The Guardian of London by Richard Stallman and Nick Hill.
• How to Protect the Right to Write Software (independent of whether it's free or not)
• In Felten v. RIAA, scientists are asking a court to rule that the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from publishing their research.
• EFF “Intellectual Property: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America) DVD Cases” Archive
• Patent Reform Is Not Enough
• Saving Europe from Software Patents
• Boycott Amazon!
• Sequential Innovation, Patents, and Imitation is a paper that presents a mathematical model showing how patents can impede progress in fields like software.
• Harm from the Hague.
• Soft sell. An article by Richard M. Stallman published in The Guardian.
• Patent absurdity, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in The Guardian.
• The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent, by Richard M. Stallman.
• Why there are no GIF files on GNU web pages, While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern. For details of our website policies regarding GIFs, see our web web guidelines.

Cultural and Social Issues

• Digital economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away by Richard Stallman
• Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is? by Richard Stallman
• World Summit on the Information Society
• The introduction by Lawrence Lessig to Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman is available for reading.
• Encryption software volunteers needed in countries without export control.
• How to Protect the Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association on the Internet
• Protect Postal Privacy, a campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United States Postal Service to collect private information from customers.
• Why We Must Fight UCITA
• A world with UCITA may allow fine print to outweigh the right thing by Ed Foster <gripe@infoworld.com>
• Free Software and (e-)Government — an article from The Guardian, by Richard Stallman (originally published under the title “Second Sight”).
• Free Software and Sustainable Development — A short article by Richard Stallman regarding the use of proprietary software in cultural development.

Misc

• The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time, by Richard M. Stallman.
• Why We Need “Free Software” Voting Machines
• SCO, GNU, and Linux, by Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against IBM pertains to the work of the GNU project. Please see the FSF SCO Response Page for more details on this subject.
• FSF's Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft vs. United States, submitted to the US Department of Justice under the Tunney Act.
• U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly, an attempt of the Congress to create a private monopoly over repeating publicly known information.
• The Right Way to Tax DAT
• Censoring My Software, by Richard Stallman
• Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator

Terminology and Definitions

• Confusing Words which You Might Want to Avoid
• Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software
• “Open Source Software” or “Free Software”? (This is an older essay about the same topic as the previous one.)
• Richard Stallman wrote letter to the editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal in June which further explains the distinction between the Free Software and Open Source movements.
• Categorias de Programas Livres e Não-Livres
• Translations of the term “free software” into various languages

Upholding Software Freedom

• The Free Software Community After 20 Years, With great but incomplete success, what now?
• Thank You, Larry McVoy by Richard M. Stallman
• Overcoming Social Inertia, by Richard M. Stallman
• Avoiding Ruinous Compromises

Philosophical humor

• Philosophy Humor. We don't have to be serious all the time.

Links to more philosophy articles

• Speeches and interviews
• Third party ideas
• The main philosophy page